Module 2 (Prelim) Flashcards
Study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
demography
Sources of demographic data
census, sample survey, registration system, studies and research
Official periodic complete enumeration of the population
census
Collected from a sample of a given population
sample survey
Data is from a small number of people; results will always be generalized or the whole population
sample survey
Collected by the civil registrar’s office-record designed to count vital events in the community
registration system
Births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and entries and exits at international boundaries
registration system
Refer to the number of people in a given space/area at a given time
population size
methods of measuring population size
excess of birth compared to death, data obtained during the 2 census period, population composition
Commonly describe in terms if its age and sex
population composition
The nurse utilizes age and sex composition to decide who among the population groups merits attention in terms of health services and programs.
population composition
Formula for sex ratio
of males/# of females (100)
Two ways to get age composition
median age, dependency ratio
Divides the population into 2 equal parts
median age
Compares the # of economically dependent with the economically productive group in the population
dependency ratio
Can be described at the same time using a population pyramid
age and sex composition
Helps decide how meager resources can be justifiably allocated based on the concentration of population in an area.
population distribution
Used to describe urban-rural population distribution
population distribution
2 ways to determine population distribution
crowding index, population density
Describes the case by which communicable diseases will be transmitted from one to another
crowding index
Determines how congested a place is and provides implications in terms of adequacy of basic health services presented in the community.
population density
Tool in estimating the extent or magnitude of health needs and problems in the community.
vital statistics
Through this ______ the nurse is able to describe the health status of the people which serves as the basis for developing, implementing, and evaluating programs and intervention strategies.
vs indicators
Health statistical indicators
CBR, CDR, IMR, MMR, SMR, life expectancy, health profile
It is the annual number of live births per 1,000 population
crude birth rate
Numerator: number of live births observes in a population during reference period
Denominator: number of person-years lived by the population during the same period
crude birth rate
It is called “crude” because it does not take into account age or sex differences among the population
crude birth rate
More than 30/1,000 is considered high, rates of less than 18/1,000 are considered low
crude birth rate
Measures the rate of deaths for every 1,000 people in a given population
crude death rate
Rates below 10 are considered low, while rates above 20/1,000 are considered high
crude death rate
It is the number of resident newborns in a specified geographic area dying under one year of age divided by the same geographic area
infant mortality rate
This varies considerably based on maternal age
infant mortality
Rates are highest among mothers under age 20 and lowest among mothers aged between 30-34 years old
infant mortality rate
Measures the risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
maternal mortality rate
It is the mortality rate from a specified cause for a population.
cause-specific mortality rate
Numerator: number of deaths attributed to a specific cause
Denominator: size of the population at the midpoint of the time period
cause-specific mortality rate
First cause of mortality
ischaemic heart disease
Second cause of mortality
cerebrovascular disease
Third cause of mortality
neoplasms
Fourth cause of mortality
diabetes mellitus
Fifth cause of mortality
hypertensive disease
First leading cause of morbidity
acute respiratory infection
Second leading cause of morbidity
acute lower respiratory tract infection and pneumonia
Third leading cause of morbidity
bronchitis/bronchiolitis
Refers to the number of years a person can expect to live
Life expectancy
It is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.
life expectancy
Current life expectancy for Philippines in 2021
71.41 years
Intended to be a set of indicators of basic demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health status, health risk factors, and health resource use, which are relevant to most communities
health profile
It is a comprehensive compilation of information about a community
community health profile
The date in a profile reflects the health of a given community from many different angles
community health profile
It can include measurements of illness or disease
health indicators
It can be divided into those that directly measure health phenomena and indirect measures
global health indicators
2 divisions of global health indicatord
proximal and distal indicators
12 determinants of health
income and social status
social support networks
education and literacy
employment/working conditions
social environments
physical environments
personal health practices and coping skills
health child development
biology and genetics endowment
health services
gender
culture
Philippine Health Situtation
demographic profile, health profile
Statistical data about the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and income of the people within the population
demographics
When the census assembles data about people’s ages and genders.
assembling information about demographics
It is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified populations
epidemiology
It is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems (CDC)
epidemiology
It measure the risk of illness or death in an exposed population compared to that risk in an identical, unexposed population
epidemiological studies
Five major tasks of epidemiology in public health practice
public health surveillance
field investigation
analytic studies
evaluation
linkages
Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment
natural history of disease
Natural history of disease timeline
stage of:
susceptibility
subclinical disease
clinical disease
recovery, disability, or death
This is best represented diagrammatically
epidemiological triad
This represents the interaction between an agent, host, or persons and environment or place within a specific time dimension.
epidemiological triad
This can be applied to non-infectious diseases where the agent could be ‘unhealthy behaviors, unsafe practices, or unintended exposures to hazardous substanced’
epidemiological triad
Causative factors
Risk factors
Environmental exposures
agent
Person characteristics
Group and population demographics
host
Place characteristics
Biological, physical, and psychosocial environments
environment
Time characteristics
Incubation/latency
Length of disease process
Trends and cycles
Time
