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BIOLOGY 211 - Iowa State University > Module 2 - Plants & Fungi > Flashcards

Module 2 - Plants & Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Plants started evolving to terrestrial how long ago?

A

475 mya

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2
Q

List the 5 things that plants needed to adapt to…

A
  1. Moving water around inside the pant
  2. Retaining water, avoiding evaporation
  3. Support, structure to hold plant
  4. Reproduction, specifically without water
  5. Adapting with changing environment, wind, heat, ect.
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3
Q

One plant adaption for living on land was lignin. Lignin is important for plants as…

A

Support.

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4
Q

What plant adaptation helps to reduce water loss?

A

A waxy cuticle.

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5
Q

Plants originated from what group?

A

The Green Algae

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6
Q

Vascular plants arrived when?

A

400 mya

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7
Q

Did vascular plants originally lack seeds?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

The origin of a seed was how long ago?

A

360 mya

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9
Q

A seed is meant to provide what two things to an embryo?

A

Food and Protection

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10
Q

Flowering plants emerged when?

A

130 mya

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11
Q

Non-vascular plants are called…

A

Bryophytes

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12
Q

How did plants adapt to land… (5 things)

A
  1. Vascular System, transporting water
  2. Waxy cuticles on leaves, keeps water from evaporating
  3. Stomata, helps with photosynthesis, allows CO2 to come inside
  4. Lignin, helps form a structure like skeleton
  5. Encloses gametes & embryos in plant tissues
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13
Q

Gemmae cups are associated with ___________ reproduction in _________.

A

Asexual, Liverworts

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14
Q

Bryophytes lack…

A

Vascular Tissue

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15
Q

In mosses, the antheridia produce…

A

Male Gametes

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16
Q

Plant spores give rise directly to…

A

Gametophytes

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17
Q

Ferns belong to what group?

A

Pterophyta

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18
Q

In vascular plants the xylem is responsible for the transportation of ________. Whereas the phloem is responsible for the transportation of _______.

A

Water, Food

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19
Q

A heterosporous plant is one that…

A

Produces microspores and megastores, which give rise to separate male and female gametophytes.

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20
Q

The megasporangia are associated with the production of…

A

Eggs.

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21
Q

Plants store starch in…

A

Plastids

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22
Q

In plants, the cell was is made of…

A

Cellulose.

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23
Q

What are the three divisions of Bryophytes?

A
  • Mosses
  • Liverworts
  • Hornworts
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24
Q

What are the three divisions of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • Club Mosses
  • Horsetails
  • Ferns
25
Q

What are the two main types/groups of vascular plants (with seeds)?

A

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

26
Q

What four divisions are listed under gymnosperms?

A
  • Cycads
  • Ginkgo
  • Gnetales
  • Conifers
27
Q

What division is listed under angiosperms?

A

Flowering Plants

28
Q

The whole structure which includes the megasporangium, megaspore, and integuments is called the…

29
Q

Pollen grains are…

A

Reduced gametophytes

30
Q

The dominate forest trees during the time of the dinosaurs were…

A

Gymnosperms

31
Q

The ancestor off lowering plants was a…

A

Gnetophyte

32
Q

The carpel includes what three flower parts?

A
  • Ovary
  • Style
  • Stigma
33
Q

What flower part develops into a seed?

34
Q

What flower part develops into a fruit?

35
Q

Bryophytes still need _______ for reproduction.

36
Q

In vascular plants, the roots do what?

A

Absorb water and minerals.

37
Q

In vascular plants, the shoots do what?

A

Perform/Assist with photosynthesis.

38
Q

The Sphenophyta division is mostly associated with…

A

Horsetails

39
Q

The Lycophyta Division is mostly associated with…

A

Herbaceous club mosses and Lycopods

40
Q

The Pterophyta division is mostly associated with…

41
Q

The Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta divisions are categorized as…

A

Seedless Vascular Plants

42
Q

What is the purpose of a gametangium?

A

To protect the gametes

43
Q

After the origin of plants, what was the order in which the three main evolutionary advances occurred?

A
  1. Vascular System
  2. Seeds
  3. Flowers
44
Q

In the alternations of generations, the gametophyte is __________ and produces ___________.

A

Haploid, Gametes

45
Q

In mosses, the matured sporophyte is…

A

Attached to the gametophyte

46
Q

In the moss life cycle, __________ cells within a sporangium undergo ________ to produce __________ spores.

A

Diploid, Meiosis, Haploid

47
Q

What do gymnosperms and angiosperms not have in common?

48
Q

In a pollen grain _______ sperm cells enter the ovary through the ___________.

A

2, Micropyle

49
Q

How do fruits contribute to the success of angiosperms?

A

By facilitating dispersal of seeds.

50
Q

Fungi obtain nutrients by ____________ food while animals obtain nutrients by ___________ food.

A

Absorbing, Ingesting

51
Q

The body of a fungus is composed of a network of _________. This network is collectively called __________.

A

Hyphae, Mycelium

52
Q

In mycorrhizal fungi, the hyphae are specialized to form…

53
Q

What is the primary role of a mushrooms underground mycelium?

A

Absorbing nutrients

54
Q

The coenocytic fungal species lack…

A

Hyphae divided by septa

55
Q

The fungal process that involves the union of nuclei is called….

56
Q

The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single called…

57
Q

In fungi, sexual spores are produced by…

58
Q

Karyogamy produces a…

A

Diploid zygote

59
Q

Chytrids are unique among fungi in having…

A

Flagellated spores

BIOLOGY 211 - Iowa State University (3 decks)

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