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Organisation of Living Things > Module 2: Plant Nutrition, Gas Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

Module 2: Plant Nutrition, Gas Exchange and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water -> oxygen + glucose

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2
Q

Why is gas exchange vital for the survival of plants?

A

Plants need to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between their cells and the environment to allow photosynthesis and respiration to occur.

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3
Q

What is the waxy cuticle of a leaf?

A

The thin, protective outer layer consisting of a lipid produced by plant cells.

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4
Q

What is the upper epidermis?

A

A tissue layer on the upper side of a leaf. It provides structural support and allows light to pass through.

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5
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A

The primary site of photosynthesis.

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6
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

Cells surrounded by air space to allow gases to diffuse through to the palisade mesophyll. The secondary site of photosynthesis.

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7
Q

What is the lower epidermis?

A

A tissue layer on the lower side of a leaf. Aids structural support.

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8
Q

What is the stoma? (Plural stomata)

A

Small holes in the leaf that allow gases to enter and exit. Allow the loss of water vapour.

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9
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Open and close to stomata in response to environmental conditions. There are two found at each stoma.

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10
Q

What is the role of a leaf?

A

A type of plant organ resposible for photosynthesis and gas exchange.

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11
Q

What is the widest surface or blade of a leaf?

A

Lamina

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12
Q

What is the petiole?

A

The structure connecting the leaf to the stem of the plant.

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13
Q

What is the midrib?

A

Central vein of the leaf.

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14
Q

What is the role of veins in a leaf?

A

Provide transport within the leaves and plant.

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15
Q

What is the margin of a leaf?

A

The outer edge of the leaf.

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16
Q

Why might stomata from plants of different environment be different?

A

They may have diffeent water availability, and as a result have altered the number of stomata present on their leaves.

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17
Q

What happens when the stomata is open?

A

Gases are able to enter the plant, however, water can be lost.

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18
Q

What happens when the stomata is closed?

A

No gas is able to enter the plant.

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19
Q

What is the main purpose of nitrates in plants?

A

Making amino acids thst are needed to build proteins. Also used as a building block for chlorophyll.

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20
Q

What is the main purpose of magnesium in plants?

A

It is used to make chlorophyll.

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21
Q

What is the main purpose of phosphorus in plants?

A

Its used in energy transfer using ATP. It also aids maturation and growth of the plant.

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22
Q

What is the main purpose of potassium in plants?

A

To catalyse many different reactions, including photosynthesis. It also is used inside guard cells to control the opening and closing of stomata.

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23
Q

What is the main purpose of calcium in plants?

A

To strengthen cell walls.

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24
Q

What are two ways that plants gain nutrition?

A

Via photosynthesis and absorption from the soil.

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25
Q

Are plants autotrophs or heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs.

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26
Q

What gases do plants need to take in?

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen.

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27
Q

What gases do plants excrete?

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen.

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28
Q

Why do some plants consume insects?

A

To compensate for low nutrient levels in their soil.

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29
Q

Are carnivorous plants still classified as autotrophs?

A

Yes, as they still use inorganic carbon sources.

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30
Q

What are the two main purposes of roots?

A

Stabilise the plant in the soil and to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil.

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31
Q

What do roots do in root vegetables?

A

To store excess sugars as starch.

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32
Q

What are the two main types of roots?

A

Tap roots and fibrous roots.

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33
Q

What are the tap roots?

A

The one main root that descends vertically in the soil.

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34
Q

What are the fibrous roots?

A

Smaller roots that extend out of the tap root to form a complex network relatively close to the surface of the soil.

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35
Q

What are vascular bundles?

A

Plant “veins” containing xylem and phloem vessels.

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36
Q

Why would a root require vascular bundles?

A

To transport water and mineral nutrients (from the soil) and sugars (from the leaves).

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37
Q

How does SA:V ratio affect absorption in root hairs.

A

Root hairs are long and thin, giving them a high SA:V ratio. This increases the ability of substances to absorb into the plant.

38
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Specialised cells that increase the uptake of water and minerals from the soil.

39
Q

What are the two vascular tissues of plants?

A

Xylem and phloem.

40
Q

What does xylem carry?

A

Water and mineral nutrients.

41
Q

What does phloem carry?

A

Sugars.

42
Q

What is the role of guard cells?

A

To open and close the stomata - dependant on whether the plant needs more carbon dioxide.

43
Q

How do plants adapt to low water availability?

A

Thin leaves to reduce surface area. Opening stomamta at night and closing it during the day.

44
Q

How do plants adapt to lack of light?

A

Broad, wide leaves to absorb as much light as possible.

45
Q

How do some plants adapt to lack of nitrogen in the soil?

A

Develop abilities to digest insects by producing enzymes to break them down. These are carnivorous plants, for example, the venus fly trap.

46
Q

What direction does water move in the xylem?

A

Up.

47
Q

What direction do sugars move in the phloem?

A

Up and down.

48
Q

What cells make up the xylem?

A

Dead cells, strengthened by lignin.

49
Q

What cells make up the phloem?

A

Companion cells, separated by sieve plates.

50
Q

Are xylem cells living or dead?

A

Dead.

51
Q

Are phloem cells living or dead?

A

Living.

52
Q

Which plant organ absorbs water fromt he soil?

A

Roots.

53
Q

Where do plants lose water?

A

The leaves.

54
Q

How do plants lose water?

A

Transpiration drawing water from the leaf through the stomata.

55
Q

What process do plants use to make sugars?

A

Photosynthesis.

56
Q

What are the outer walls of the xylem strengthened by?

A

Lignin.

57
Q

What do the pits in the walls of the xylem do?

A

Aid water movement in and out of the xylem.

58
Q

What is the movement of water against gravity in the xylem called?

A

Transpiration-cohesion-tension theory.

59
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from plants by evaporation of water vapour through the stomata of plant leaves.

60
Q

How does transpiration affect transpiration-cohesion-tension theory?

A

It pulls water up from the roots, creating negative pressure (tension).

61
Q

How does the “stickiness” of water affect cohesion in transpiration-cohesion-tension theory?

A

Water molecules are attracted to each other, and have temporary intermolecular bonds that help them “stick” to one another.

62
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The ability of water molecules to “stick” to other water molecules due to high intermolecular forces.

63
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The attractive forces between water and other non-water molecules.

64
Q

What is negative pressure (tension)?

A

When an area has a lower pressure than the areas surrounding it. This creates a “pulling” force.

65
Q

What generalised path does water take to enter and move through a plant?

A

Soil -> roots -> stem -> leaves

66
Q

Describe the structure of the xylem.

A

Made of dead cells, joined together with their ends removed to create a hollow tube. The walls are thickened and strengthened by lignin.

67
Q

Where does tension occur in the plant?

A

The leaves.

68
Q

How do the phloem vessels affect cellular respiration?

A

It transports sugars up and down the plant, so that cells throughout the plant can respire.

69
Q

What molecule is glucose usually broken down into before being transported through the phloem?

A

Sucrose.

70
Q

Where is glucose converted into sucrose?

A

The leaves.

71
Q

What are the living cells that make up the phloem tube called?

A

Sieve tube elements.

72
Q

What type of cell is found on the outside of the phloem tube?

A

Companion cells.

73
Q

What are sieve tube plates?

A

Perforated barriers between cells, allowing sugar movement through their holes.

74
Q

What are sugar sinks?

A

Places in the plant that need sugars. These are most likely areas if the plant that are growing and therefore have increased energy needs.

75
Q

What are some other sugar sources, not including leaves?

A

Stored sugars in the form of starch in the root of root vegetables.

76
Q

What are sugar sources?

A

Places of the plant that produce/store sugar.

77
Q

What are two examples of sugar sinks in a plant?

A

Root tips at the bottom of the plant and the shoots that the top of the plant.

78
Q

What is the movement of sugar sources to sinks called?

A

Translocation.

79
Q

Why is active transport required to move sugars from sources into the phloem?

A

The sugars are moving against the concerntration gradient, from the source into the phloem.

80
Q

Why does sugar move passively our of the phloem into sinks?

A

Sugar molecules are moving down the concerntration gradient from the phloem into sinks.

81
Q

What is the first stage of translocation?

A

Plants obtain sugars through photosynthesis. These sugars are primarily found in the leaves, or in sugar stores.

82
Q

What is the second stage of translocation?

A

Active transport is used to move sugars from sugar sources into the phloem, against the concerntration gradient.

83
Q

What is the third stage of translocation?

A

The increased concerntration of sugars in the phloem causes water to move passively into the phloem from the xylem via osmosis.

84
Q

What is the fourth stage of translocation?

A

The increased fluid volume in the phloem creates a temporary increase in pressure - this causes materials in the phloem to move towards the sinks.

85
Q

What is the fifth stage of translocation?

A

Sugars move into regions where they are required (sinks) - by either passive or active transport.

86
Q

What is the sixth stage of translocation?

A

The decreased concerntration of sugars in the phloem causes water to move passively back into the xylem, reducing pressure in the phloem.

87
Q

What is the energy source of plants?

A

Light energy (in the form of sunlight).

88
Q

What are the two sources of nutrients in plants?

A

Sugars from photosynthesis and mineral nutrients from the soil.

89
Q

How are gases transported in a plant?

A

Gases move directly from the environment into tissues and then diffue from cell to cell.

90
Q

Is transport in the xylem active or passive?

A

Passive.

91
Q

Is transport in the phloem active or passive?

A

Active and passive.

92
Q

What are vascular plants?

A

Plants with a xylem and phloem.

Organisation of Living Things (4 decks)

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