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Meat Science > Module 2 Muscle Growth And Development > Flashcards

Module 2 Muscle Growth And Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the normal process of increase in size produced by accretion of tissues similar in constitution to those of the original tissue or organ

A

Growth

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2
Q

How do animals grow?

A

Increase in height, length, girth, and weight. Size and weight of structural tissues increases

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of existing cells

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4
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Multiplication or production of new cells through mitosis or prenatally. No Change in cell size

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5
Q

What is accretionary growth

A

Increase in extra cellular material

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6
Q

What is true growth vs fattening

A

True growth is an increase in muscle tissue

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7
Q

What is net growth

A

Tissue synthesis minus tissue degradation

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8
Q

Growth is liner true or false

A

False

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9
Q

Why is growth not linear

A

Proteins turn over every 21 days

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10
Q

What is development

A

Gradually progressing from a lower complexity to a higher complexity

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11
Q

What is differentiation

A

Process by which cells and organs acquire completely individual characteristics.. progressive diversification of cells of embryo into muscle cells, brain cells, liver cells, etc

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12
Q

What is morphogenesis

A

Organization of various dividing cells into specific organs

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13
Q

What is maturation

A

Process of becoming fully developed and reaching the highest stage of complexity

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14
Q

What is senescence

A

When individual tissues and organ are no longer maintained in their mature form and undergo degenerative changes

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15
Q

What are the 3 phases of prenatal growth

A

Ovum, embryonic, prenatal/fetal

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16
Q

What is the ovum stage

A

Fertilization to gastrulation (when primary cell layers develop: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

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17
Q

What is the embryonic stage

A

Differentiation of organs, tissues, and systems

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18
Q

When is the most prenatal growth

A

Last 1/3

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19
Q

What determines the length of gestation

A

Animal complexity

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20
Q

What is myogenesis

A

The molecular, biochemical, and morphological events that occur during the formation of muscle fibers

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21
Q

When does myogenesis occur

A

Prenatally

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22
Q

What type of cells does myogenesis form

A

Multinucleated muscle cells

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23
Q

What are myoblasts

A

Muscle precursor cells that fuse to form fibers

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24
Q

What is proliferated mitosis

A

Creation of daughter cells identical to parent cells

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25
Q

What are the steps of myogenesis

A

Multipotent stem cells undergo proliferation and differentiation, becoming myoblasts. Myoblasts line up and fuse forming a myotube, which forms muscle fibers

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26
Q

What type of cell growth occurs prenatal

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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27
Q

What kind of growth occurs postnallay

A

Only hypertrophy (no new cells after birth)

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28
Q

How do muscle fibers grow postnatally

A

Increase in length, adding sarcomeres to each myofibril

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29
Q

How to muscle cells grow postnatally

A

Increase in diameter, adding new myofibrils in each cell

30
Q

What happens to the rate of myofibril growth over time?

A

Growth levels off

31
Q

Fiber number is _____ at birth

A

Fixed

32
Q

Hypertrophy results in increased:

A

Muscle cell size and weight

33
Q

dna/protein ratio must remain constant in the cell during hypertrophy true or false

A

True

34
Q

Why is more DNA needed for protein accumulation and cell growth?

A

The ratio must be constant

35
Q

What must there be more of in order to provide extra DNA for hypertrophy cells

A

Nuclei

36
Q

How is nuclei obtained for extra DNA for hypertrophy

A

Satellite cells

37
Q

What are satellite cells

A

Non-fused myoblasts present in muscle cells after birth

38
Q

What happens to satellite cells as animals age?

A

Decrease

39
Q

What happens to growth when satellite cells decrease

A

Muscle growth is slower

40
Q

What two things can increase muscle diameter

A

Fat cells and connective tissue

41
Q

Where does termination of a muscle fiber occur?

A

Throughout the muscle, not just at the end

42
Q

All muscle fibers are ______ at birth meaning they are:

A

Type 1: Red, with the most oxidation requirements

43
Q

What happens to muscle fibers after birth?

A

Differentiation into White and intermediate types

44
Q

Why do fibers differentiate into other types after birth?

A

Nerve influence and sequence of morphological changes experienced by developing fibers (exercise)

45
Q

What is a fibroblast

A

Precursor cell to connective tissue, developing into tropocollagen, tropoelastin, and ground substance

46
Q

Amount of connective tissue is related to:

A

Muscle function

47
Q

Quality of collagen changes with:

A

Age (decreases with age)

48
Q

Where would you find the most connective tissue: back or limbs?

A

Limbs

49
Q

What gradually develops into lobes and lobules that are enclosed in collage our fibers and supplied with blood capillaries

A

Adipose tissue

50
Q

What is an adipoblast

A

Starts to accumulate lipids

51
Q

What is an adipocyte

A

Filled with lipid

52
Q

Which is larger, adipoblast or adipocyte

A

Adipocyte

53
Q

What is another term for visceral fats

A

Internal fats

54
Q

What is KPH fat?

A

Visceral fats (Perirenal fat, pericardial fat, Mesenteric)

55
Q

What is perirenal fat

A

Kidney fat

56
Q

What is pericardial fat

A

Heart fat

57
Q

What is mesenteric fat

A

Intestinal fat

58
Q

What is subcutaneous fat

A

Just under the skin, fat used for yield grading, undesirable for cutability

59
Q

What is Intermuscular fat

A

Fat between muscles, seam fat, undesirable for cutability

60
Q

What is intramuscular fat

A

Fat within muscle, marbling, desirable for palatable to and quality grades

61
Q

What is intracellular fat

A

Membrane phospholipids, most responsible for beef flavor development

62
Q

What fat is the first deposited?

A

Internal fat

63
Q

What is the first fat utilized

A

Intramuscular

64
Q

Why do beef need fed for a long period

A

Marbling is deposited last

65
Q

Growth of adipose tissue is highly _________ and depends on:

A

Variable: Genetics, calories fed

66
Q

As fat percentage increases, what happens to moisture and protein?

A

Both decrease

67
Q

What is the leanest gender for cattle

A

Bulls

68
Q

What is the fattest gender for cattle

A

Heifers

69
Q

What is the leanest gender for sheep?

A

Ram

70
Q

What is the fattest gender for sheep?

A

Ewes

71
Q

What is the leanest gender for hogs?

A

Boars

72
Q

What is the fattest gender for hogs?

A

Barrows

Meat Science (2 decks)

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