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Biol 130 > Module 2: Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Module 2: Molecules of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Each Atom contains…

A
  • Protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons
    – move around in orbitals (two per orbital), grouped into shell
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2
Q

Atoms combine with other atoms to form

A

molecules

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3
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing electron
- polar if unequal sharing
- nonpolar of equal sharing

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4
Q

Universal solvent

A

water

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5
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond formed between EN atom and hydrogen atom thats already covalently linked to another atom

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

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7
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

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8
Q

pH

A
  • measurement of concentration of protons (H+) in a solution
  • ranges from 0-14
  • > 7 acidic
  • <7 basic
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9
Q

Organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon

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10
Q

Polymers

A

repeating of a structure (monomer) (like sugar repeating a bunch)

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11
Q

4 types of biological molecules

A
  1. Proteins
    - provide structural support and act as catalysts
  2. Nucleic acids
    - encode and transmit genetic information
  3. Carbohydrates
    - provide structural support for many organisms and source of energy
  4. Lipids
    - make up cell membranes, store energy, important in cell communication
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12
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • large molecules that are built from smaller organic molecules
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13
Q

Condensation

A
  • reaction
  • requires energy
  • makes a chain and a water
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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • reaction
  • releases energy
  • breaks the chain with a water
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15
Q

Functional groups

A
  • addition of functional groups changes the chemical character to carbon chains
  • have chemical properties of their own
  • typically involved in reactions that combine simpler molecules to form polymers
  • N, P, O, S more EN, form polar functional groups
  • methyl groups form nonpolar
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16
Q

Functions of Proteins

A
  • act as enzymes
    -aid in transport
  • role in cell signaling/ regulation
  • movement
  • support
  • defense
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17
Q

Amino Acid Structure

A
  • proteins consist of amino acids that are covalently linked into linear polymers (aka polypeptides)
    STRUCTURE
  • central carbon is covalently linked to 4 groups
    – carboxyl (-COOH)
    – amino (-NH2)
    – hydrogen (H)
    – R group (side chain, distinguishes one amino acid form another)
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18
Q

Joining amino acids

A
  • amino acids have both positive and negative charges (amino group +, carboxyl group -)
  • a zwitterion
  • joined by covalent bond (peptide bond)
  • when peptide bonds form, the carboxyl group releases an oxygen atom, and the nitrogen atom loses two H atoms to produce H2O
  • theres 20 genetically encoded amino acid monomers
    – order provides information carried out by protein
  • somtimes 2 or more polypeptide chains must combine to form a mature protein
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19
Q

Nucleic acids are…

A

information molecules
- encode genetic information in the sequence of nucleotides

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20
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA
- genetic material in all cellular organisms
- contains information used to direct protein synthesis
RNA
- multiple functions, key player in protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression

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21
Q

Nucleotides

A

DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, which are composed of:
1. Nitrogen containing base
- one of two types:
– Pyrimidine base that contains a single ring (C,T,U)
– Purine base that contains double ring (A,G)
2. 5-carbon (pentose) sugar
- in DNA, Deoxyribose
- in RNA, Ribose
3. one or more phosphate group

22
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

DNA uses ATGC
RNA uses AUGC
- order of the bases determines the information carried

23
Q

Cytosine

A

YELLOW
Single ring
NH2

24
Q

Thymine

A

BLUE
single ring
CH3, O =
*only DNA

25
Q

Uracil

A

GREEN
single ring
O=
*only RNA

26
Q

Guanine

A

RED
double ring
O=

27
Q

Adenine

A

PURPLE
double ring
NH2

28
Q

Nucleoside

A

Just base and sugar

29
Q

Nucleotide Functions

A
  • Monomers of DNA and RNA
  • important signal molecules within cell
  • transfer energy in metabolism (cleave off terminal phosphate group to release stored energy)
  • ATP -> ADP + Pi + Energy
  • act as coenzyme /cofactors
  • typically adenine containing nucleotides combined with B vitamins
30
Q

Connecting Nucleotides

A
  • covalent linkage btwn phosphate group of one nucleotide sugar to the sugar unit 3’-OH on another
  • FORMS phosphodiester bond
  • formation releases water
  • formation of bond also establishes directionality/ polarity of strand
  • beginning of strand 5’ end
  • new nucleotides added to 3’ end
  • chain always built 5’ to 3’
31
Q

DNA structure

A
  • consists of two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix
  • sugar phosphate backbone wrap around outside
  • antiparallel
  • complementary bases face inwards with hydrogen bonds forming between bases
    – make it easy to break apart and rebuild
  • 3 H bonds between C-G
  • 2 H bonds between A-T
32
Q

Carbohydrates made up of…

A

C, H, O atoms
- usually in a ratio of 1:2:1

33
Q

Carbs serve as…

A

major source of energy for metabolism
- also serve as structural molecules

34
Q

Simplest carbs are…

A

saccharides (single sugar)
- contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms (can be linear or cyclic)

35
Q

6-Carbon Sugars

A
  • all have same chemical formula of C6H12O6
    -differ in configuration, they’re isomers, so functionally different
  • simple sugars, monosaccharides
36
Q

Glucose

A

Aldose sugar ( has aldehyde group, H- C=O at end with C bonded to another carbon)
- Has one OH on wrong side

37
Q

Galactose

A

Aldose sugar ( has aldehyde group, H- C=O at end with C bonded to another carbon)
- Has two OH on wrong side

38
Q

Fructose

A

Ketose sugar (has ketone group, C=O)

39
Q

In cells virtually all monosaccharides are…

A

in cyclic form

40
Q

Cyclic Monosaccharides

A
  • cyclic forms from one end of linear molecule bind to another part of chain
  • carbon in aldehyde or ketone groups form covalent bond with oxygen of hydroxyl group
41
Q

Linking Sugars

A
  • covalent linkage between monosaccharides is a glycosidic bond
  • formation of the bonds releases water molecule
  • forms between C1 of one monosaccharide and OH group on different carbon of monosaccharide
42
Q

Covalently linking two monosaccharides…

A

forms a disaccharide

43
Q

A few monosaccharides joining forms a

A

oligosaccharide
- can be attached to:
– protein forming -> glycoproteins
– lipids forming -> glycolipids

44
Q

thousands of monosaccharides…

A

polysaccharide

45
Q

Lipids are a chemically diverse group of molecules because…

A

only macromolecule that is not a polymer

46
Q

Lipids all share the same physical property…

A

hydrophobic

47
Q

Cells use lipids in the following ways…

A
  1. Triacylglycerol (used for energy storage)
  2. Steroids (found in animal cell membranes, precursor to steroid hormones)
  3. Phospholipids (major component of biological membranes)
48
Q

Triacylglycerol

A
  • major component of animal fat and vegetable oil
  • Made up of:
    1. Three fatty acids (type of lipid made up of long chain of carbons attached to a carboxyl group [-COOH] at one end)
    – no double bonds between the carbon atoms, SATURATED
    – has carbon carbon double bond, UNSATURATED
    2. Glycerol, a 3 carbon molecule with OH groups attached to each carbon
49
Q

Steroids

A
  • composed of many carbon atoms bonded to characteristic four fused rings
  • hydrophobic
  • cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes
    cholesterol can also serve as precursor to steroid hormone synthesis
50
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Major component of cell membranes
  • made up of
    1. Glycerol backbone attached to a polar phosphate group (hydrophilic)
    2. Two fatty acid tails which are nonpolar
    (hydrophobic)
51
Q

Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions are called…

A

Amphipathic

Biol 130 (11 decks)

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