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BIO 104 > Module 2: Lower Plants > Flashcards

Module 2: Lower Plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What kingdom do plants belong to?

A

Plantae

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2
Q

What is the second largest kingdom?

A

Plantae

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3
Q

What were the first terrestrial organisms?

A

Plantae

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4
Q

Terrestrial

A

Living organisms that live and grow on land

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5
Q

Name 9 characteristics of plants

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Multicellular
  3. Gains nutrients through photosynthesis
  4. Cell walls made of cellulose
  5. Absence of sensory system, nervous system, and organs for movement
  6. Alternates between haploid and diploid generations
  7. Autotrophic
  8. Contain chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis
  9. Large central vacuole holds water and keeps plants turgid
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6
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism whose basic structural unit is a cell containing specialized organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus

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7
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that produces its own food

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8
Q

Haploid

A

Cells containing one set of chromosomes

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9
Q

Diploid

A

Cells containing two sets of chromosomes

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10
Q

What organisms are capable of photosynthesis?

A

Only plants

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11
Q

What differentiates plants from other organisms?

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green algae

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13
Q

Green Algae

A

Chlorophyta

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14
Q

What kingdom does green algae belong to?

A

Protista

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15
Q

What phylum does green algae belong to?

A

Chlorophyta

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16
Q

What kingdom is considered the ancestor of modern day plants?

A

Protista

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17
Q

Name two notable features of green algae

A
  1. Single-celled
  2. Live in watery habitats
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18
Q

Habitat

A

The natural home or environment of a plant, animal, or other organism

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19
Q

What is a primary problem plants on land face?

A

Need for water

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20
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

An arrangement of multiple cell types in vascular plants which allows for the transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis to be transported throughout the plant

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21
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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22
Q

Xylem

A

Type of vascular tissues that transports water through a plant

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23
Q

Phloem

A

Type of vascular tissue that transports carbs through a plant

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24
Q

What are two plant features that are determined by the amount of vascular tissue it possesses?

A

Size and how close it must live to water

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25
Q

What are the two basic methods of plant reproduction?

A

Swimming sperm cells and flying sperm cells

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26
Q

What are two plant features that are determined by the basic method of reproduction it uses?

A

Size and how close it must live to water

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27
Q

What are the three categories of plants based on how much vascular tissue they possess?

A

Non-vascular, Seedless Vascular/Semi-Vascular, Seed Plants/True Vascular

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28
Q

How do nonvascular plants reproduce?

A

Spores/swimming sperm cells

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29
Q

Spore

A

A typically one-celled reproductive unit capable of asexual reproduction

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30
Q

What types of plants are considered “Lower Plants”?

A

Nonvascular and Semi-vascular plants

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31
Q

What category of plants do mosses belong to based on the amount of vascular tissue they hold?

A

Nonvascular

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32
Q

What category of plants do liverworts belong to based on the amount of vascular tissue they hold?

A

Nonvascular

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33
Q

How do semi-vascular plants reproduce?

A

Spores/swimming sperm cells

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34
Q

How do vascular plants reproduce?

A

Seeds/flying sperm cells

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35
Q

Gymnosperm

A

A plant whose seeds are unprotected by flowers or fruits

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36
Q

Angiosperm

A

A plant whose seeds are protected by flowers or fruits

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37
Q

What plants are considered to be “Higher Plants”?

A

Vascular plants

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38
Q

Liverworts

A

Hepaticophyta

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39
Q

Hepaticophyta

A

Liverworts

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40
Q

Hepatic

A

Liver

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41
Q

Wort

A

Tiny plant

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42
Q

Phyta

A

Plant

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43
Q

How many species of liverworts are there?

A

6,500

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44
Q

Thallus

A

A plant body that is not differentiated into stems and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system

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45
Q

Heterosporous

A

Distinct and separate male and female plants

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46
Q

Gemmae Cups

A

Asexual, cup-shaped reproductive structures

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47
Q

Zone of Saturation

A

The ground immediately below the water table in which all pores and fractures are saturated with water

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48
Q

Name 6 features of liverworts

A
  1. Fingernail sized
  2. Nonvascular
  3. Can only live in a zone of saturation
  4. Thallus; green, leafy body
  5. Heterosporous
  6. Contains gemmae cups
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49
Q

Anthocerophyta

A

Hornworts

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50
Q

Hornworts

A

Anthocerophyta

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51
Q

How many species of hornworts are there?

A

100

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52
Q

Homosporous

A

Combined sexes in a single plant

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53
Q

Name 5 features of hornworts.

A
  1. Nonvascular
  2. Can only live in a “zone of saturation”
  3. Thallus; green, leafy body
  4. Horn-shaped reproductive structure
  5. Homosporous
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54
Q

Bryophyta

A

Mosses

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55
Q

Mosses

A

Bryophyta

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56
Q

How many species of mosses are there?

A

10,000+

57
Q

Archegonium

A

Egg-producing structure

58
Q

Antheridium

A

Sperm-producing structure

59
Q

Stalk & Capsule

A

A structure found in female plants that produces spores

60
Q

Name 4 features of mosses

A
  1. Heterosporous
  2. Has an archegonium
  3. Has an antheridium
  4. Has a stalk & capsule
61
Q

Sphagnum

A

Peat Moss

62
Q

Peat Moss

A

Sphagnum

63
Q

What are some past uses of peat moss?

A

Surgical dressings, diapers, lamp wicks, bedding, stable litter

64
Q

What are some current uses of peat moss?

A

Used in potting soil and seed starters to help retain moisture

65
Q

What are some past uses for spanish moss?

A

Stuffing material, insulation and mulch

66
Q

What type of plant is moss?

A

Bromeliad, not moss

67
Q

How did reindeer moss get its name?

A

It serves as pasture for reindeer, moose, caribou, etc. in the north

68
Q

What kingdom does reindeer moss belong to?

A

Fungi

69
Q

Pterophyta

A

True ferns

70
Q

True ferns

A

Pterophyta

71
Q

How many species of true ferns are there?

A

12,000+

72
Q

Megaphyll

A

Large leaf

73
Q

Frond

A

Leaf or leaf-like part of palm, fern, or similar plant

74
Q

Pinnule

A

Any of the ultimate leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf

75
Q

Fiddlehead

A

An immature fern leaf with a distinctive curled end

76
Q

Vestigial

A

Degenerate body structures that seem to have lost their original function in the species over an evolutionary timescale

77
Q

Rhizome

A

Horizontal, above ground stem

78
Q

Name 6 features of true ferns

A
  1. Megaphylls
  2. Fronds
  3. Pinnule
  4. Fiddleheads
  5. Vestigial roots
  6. Rhizome stems
79
Q

Gametophyte

A

A plant that forms gametes (sex cells)

80
Q

Prothallus

A

Green, heart-shaped reproductive structure

81
Q

Antheridium

A

A haploid structure or organ producing and creating male gametes

82
Q

Archegonia

A

Flask-shaped female sex organs of bryophytes, lower vascular plants, and some gymnospores

83
Q

Sorus

A

A yellow-brown cluster of structures that produce spores

84
Q

Sporangium

A

A structure within which spores are produced

85
Q

What do fern spores grow into?

A

Prothallus

86
Q

Indusium

A

Protective cap over the sorus

87
Q

Hygroscopic Operation

A

Attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption or adsorption from the surrounding environment

88
Q

When gender are ferns?

A

Hermaphroditic

89
Q

Osmundo cinnamomea

A

Cinnamon fern

90
Q

Cinnamon fern

A

Osmundo cinnamomea

91
Q

Name three features of cinnamon ferns

A
  1. Largest fern in North America
  2. Dimorphic
  3. Edible fertile fronds
92
Q

Osmunda regalis

A

Royal Fern

93
Q

Royal Fern

A

Osmunda regalis

94
Q

Name two features of royal ferns

A
  1. Grow in standing water
  2. Golden reproductive leaves on top of plant look like a crown
95
Q

Polypodium polypodioides

A

Resurrection Fern

96
Q

Resurrection Fern

A

Polypodium polypodioides

97
Q

Name three features of the resurrection fern

A
  1. Grows on tree bark surfaces
  2. Turns brown and looks dead in dry weather
  3. Returns to green after rain
98
Q

Pteridium aquilinum

A

Bracken fern

99
Q

Bracken Fern

A

Pteridium aquilinum

100
Q

Name two features of bracken ferns

A
  1. Toxic if eaten
  2. Inhabits hot, dry places
101
Q

Aspenium platyneuron

A

Ebony spleenwort

102
Q

Ebony spleenwort

A

Aspenium platyneuron

103
Q

Name two features of the ebony spleenwort

A
  1. Small fern
  2. Black stem
104
Q

Lorinseria areolata

A

Netted chain fern

105
Q

Netted Chain Fern

A

Lorinseria areolata

106
Q

Name one distinctive feature of the netted chain fern

A

Reproductive leaves resemble links of a chain

107
Q

Polystichum acrostichoides

A

Christmas fern

108
Q

Christmas Fern

A

Polystichum acrostichoides

109
Q

Name three features of the Christmas fern

A
  1. Evergreen fern
  2. Used for Christmas decorations
  3. Ancestor of house plant ferns
110
Q

Azolla caroliniana

A

Mosquito fern

111
Q

Mosquito Fern

A

Azolla caroliniana

112
Q

Name three features of the mosquito fern

A
  1. Floating fern
  2. World’s smallest fern
  3. Will sometimes cover the entire water surface, preventing mosquitoes and other insects from laying eggs
113
Q

Asplenium tutwilerae

A

Tutwiler Fern

114
Q

Tutwiler Fern

A

Asplenium tutwilerae

115
Q

Name 2 features of the Tutwiler Fern

A
  1. Only grows in North Hale County, Alabama
  2. Discovered by Julia Tutwiler
116
Q

Who was Julia Tutwiler?

A

An education pioneer who advocated for women’s education, a prison reformer, and an amateur botanist; founded the university that would go on to become Montevallo University

117
Q

Onoclea sensibilis

A

Sensitive Bead Fern

118
Q

Sensitive Bead Fern

A

Onoclea sensibilis

119
Q

List two features of the sensitive bead fern

A
  1. Leaves are sensitive and close up on contact
  2. Reproductive leaves look like beads or coffee beans
120
Q

Sphenophyta

A

Horsetails, Pipes, Scouring Rushes

121
Q

Horsetails, Pipes, Scouring Rushes

A

Sphenophyta

122
Q

What type of plant are horsetails based on the amount of vascular tissue in their structures?

A

Semi-vascular

123
Q

What is the only extant member of the sphenophyta phylum?

A

Equisetum

124
Q

Name five features of the stems of equisetum

A
  1. Hollow
  2. Photosynthetic
  3. Incorporate sediments to deter herbivores
  4. Pencil diameter
  5. Maximum of 2 feet tall
125
Q

Name two features of the leaves of equisetum

A
  1. Scale or straw-like
  2. Resemble horse’s tail
126
Q

What is one noticeable feature of the strobilus of the equisetum?

A

Cone-shaped

127
Q

Coal Age

A

Geologic time period when the earth was covered with swamp forests and plants like calamites grew to enormous size; coal deposits of our time were once plants in the Coal Age

128
Q

Name three features of calamites

A
  1. Extinct horsetail
  2. 30 to 50 feet tall
  3. 5 to 10 inches in diameter
129
Q

What’s another name for the Coal Age?

A

Carboniferous Period

130
Q

Lycophyta

A

Club Moss

131
Q

Club Moss

A

Lycophyta/Lycopodium/Lepidodendron

132
Q

Lycopodium

A

Club Moss

133
Q

Name four features of the lycopodium club moss

A
  1. Extant member of lycophyta
  2. Very small today, 2 to 4 inches tall
  3. Short tiny leaves that resemble wolf paws
  4. Club-shaped strobili forms spores
134
Q

Lepidodendron

A

Club Moss

135
Q

Name three features of the lepidendron club moss

A
  1. Extinct giant club moss
  2. Major coal-producing plant in the Coal Age
  3. Bark pattern resembles leopard spots
136
Q

Psilotophyta

A

Whisk Ferns

137
Q

Whisk Ferns

A

Psilotophyta

138
Q

What is the only member of the whisk ferns phylum?

A

Psilotem nudem

139
Q

Name two features of the psilotem nudem

A
  1. Green, photosynthetic stem
  2. Naked, no leaves

BIO 104 (2 decks)

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