Module 2 - History

Question 1

Consequence of small size of societies?

before agriculture

Answer 1

that disease was a much less important threat to health than environmental factors like famine or danger.

Question 2

The Domestication of plants and animals: changes to society and health

Answer 2

beginning ~10,000 BP
communities in western Asia- domesticate plants and animals (beginning of the Neolithic revolution)
- reliable food supply - communities remain in same place over time
- cities

Question 3

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 3

the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement which supported an increasingly large population

Question 4

With greater numbers of people living together…

Answer 4

social stratification, development of wealth and poverty

- increase in diseases (domesticated animals served as hosts to disease that spread to humans)

Question 5

For centuries before the 1900s

What were the principal threat to human populations?

Answer 5

• Viral and bacterial infections

Question 6

Ecological requirements:

Answer 6

• A reservoir for the pathogen - animal or human
• Dense human population to maintain infection
• Contact sufficient for the spread of pathogens from infected to vulnerable populations

Question 7

With the decline of the Roman empire and the decreased complexity of trade and communication, Europe experienced a ?

Answer 7

long period of relative good health.

Question 8

When did this period of relatively good health end for Europe?

Answer 8

This ended as trade networks to Asia were re-established in the 14th century. (BLACK DEATH)

Question 9

Columbian Exchange

After 1500, the encounter between the Old World and the New World had the greatest interaction between?

Answer 9

between previously separate ecosystems

Question 10

Columbian Exchange effect on Old World?

Answer 10

The Old World got new crops-maize, potatoes etc…that fuelled a population explosion in Europe and elsewhere
but intro of new crops and increase of pop’n created new vulnerabilities

Question 11

Virgin Soil Epidemic

Answer 11

arrival of Europeans to America and other isolated regions

smallpox (and other diseases) exploded in populations with no experience with these diseases

Question 12

Populations at risk of diseases brought by columbian exchange?

Answer 12

populations at risk have had no previous contact with these diseases, thus they were immunologically almost defenseless

Question 13

Ascendancy of Smallpox

Answer 13

17th century - plague declined (too successful)

smallpox overtook it as most fearful pathogen

Question 14

Edward Jenner

Answer 14

1790s - vaccination for smallpox
Rubbed pus from cowpox postule of an infected dairy maid into the scratch of a young boy-exposed to smallpox 6 wks. later –immunity conferred

Question 15

Who brought Edward Jenner’s finding to the west?

Answer 15

Lewis and Clark (1804)

Question 16

Thomas Malthus 1766-1834

Answer 16

• recognized danger of increase of pop’n from intro of new crops

predicted an eventual disaster as food production would eventually be unable to match demand

“limits to growth”

Question 17

What contributed to Thomas Malthus being discredited?

Answer 17

By the 1900s improvements in agriculture contributed to him being discredited

Question 18

John Snow - 1854

Answer 18

1854 bad outbreak of Asiatic Cholera in London
- 3 days = 127 deaths (eventually 500 deaths)

He isolated source of infection to a water pump on Broad Street
- pioneering work in epidemiology

Question 19

from 1500 on the Columbian Exchange brought fundamental change to?

Answer 19

The people and environment around the world (Crosby)

Question 20

Columbian Exchange
who profitted?
who declined?

Answer 20

for the most part the Old World profited while New World societies declined, especially with regard to pathogens (e.g., smallpox)

Question 21

Florence Nightingale

Answer 21

nurse in 1850s Crimean War
emphasized sanitation
washing reduced infection rates drastically
deaths 60% -> 4%

Question 22

1860’s Dr Robert Lister

Answer 22

developed concept of antiseptic surgery

Question 23

McKeown thesis (1800s):

Answer 23

that nutrition and sanitation are more important than medicine

Question 24

1880s - the Germ Theory of Disease

defn and 2 people

Answer 24

Based on the principle that specific diseases were caused by specific organisms

Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch

Question 25

Robert Koch (Germany)–

Answer 25

identified microorganisms that caused tuberculosis and cholera

Question 26

Before GERM THEORY…

Answer 26

disease was thought to have been caused by “spontaneous generation”

Question 27

With the outbreak of WW1…nutrition

Answer 27

so many volunteers for military service showed signs of malnutrition that researchers began to study nutrition scientifically

Question 28

The first time that conflict exceeded disease in any major conflict

Answer 28

WW1

vitamins

Question 29

1919

Answer 29

Pandemic Influenza - spanish flu
50 -100 million deaths
1/3 of humanity infected
then dissapeared

Question 30

1920s and the rise of chronic disease

Answer 30

1921 - heart disease = leading cause of death
1927 - cancer in top 3 causes of mortality in US
1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin (mold that killed bacteria)
1940s - antibiotic revolution

Question 31

“Public Health” out of Control –Nazi Racial Hygiene

Answer 31

improvements in science and medicine in 1800s

thoughts that human race could be improved through app. of science to population

Question 32

Francis Galton

Answer 32

popularized ideology of Eugenics - that heredity could be improved through intervention

Question 33

although Eugenic principles were being applied worldwide, they reached their pinnacle in ?

Answer 33

Nazi Germany

Question 34

Eugenics and Nazi Germany

Answer 34

obsession with racial improvement led to sterilization and eventual murder of hundreds of thousands of Germans and eventually to the holocaust (6 million died)

Question 35

Nazi Eugenics

Answer 35

began with sterilizations, those with intellectual & physical disabilities, then became more proactive – without consent ***
Jews, Roma, Homosexuals, etc…
those with mental illness, hereditary illnesses
even the deaf were persecuted

Question 36

EUGENICS after WW2

Answer 36

Eugenics movement thoroughly discredited

Question 37

Post WW-2 and HEALTH

Answer 37

The Antibiotic Revolution and the decline of contagious disease

Question 38

The Epidemiological Transition

Answer 38

ABDEL ONRAM 1971
The transition to “degenerative and man-made diseases displace pandemics of infection as the primary causes of morbidity and mortality.”

Question 39

The Epidemiological Transition happens when?

Answer 39

basic requirements requirements for survival are met

Question 40

Richard Wilkinson,

Answer 40

“Changes in health brought about by economic development as it lifted populations out of absolute material want”

Question 41

diseases of long duration and generally slow progression

Answer 41

Chronic Diseases