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NUTRITION 120 > Module 2: Fats (part 1) > Flashcards

Module 2: Fats (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest units of a element that still retain the properties of that element

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2
Q

Elements

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into products with different properties

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3
Q

Molecules

A

Units of 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements bonded together

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4
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural & functional units of plant & animal life

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5
Q

Organs

A

Discrete structures composed of more than one tissue that perform a speacialized function

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6
Q

Tissues

A

4 types: muscle, nerve, epithelial, & connective

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7
Q

Organization of life

A

Begins with atoms that form molecules, which are organized into cells to form tissues, organs, organ systems, & whole organisms

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8
Q

Major functions of digestive system

A

Digestion & absorption

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9
Q

Digestion

A

The process of breaking food into components small enough to be absorbed into the body

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10
Q

Absorption

A

The process of taking substances into the interior of the body

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11
Q

Feces

A

Body waste, including unabsorbed food residue, bacteria, muscles, & dead cells, which is excreted from the gastrointestinal tract by passing through the anus

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12
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

Main part of digestive system - a hollow tube consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, & anus, in which digestion & absorption of nutrients occur

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13
Q

Organs of gastrointestinal tract

A

Runs from mouth to anus - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, & anus

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14
Q

Transit time

A

The time between the ingestion of the food & the elimination of the solid waste from that food (time it takes for the food to pass the length of the GI tract - from mouth to anus)

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15
Q

Mucosa

A

The layer of tissue lining the GI tract & other body cavities (protection layer) - responsible for the absorption of the end products of digestion

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16
Q

Mucus

A

A viscous fluid secreted by glands in the GI tract & other parts of the body, which acts to lubricate, moisten, & protect cells from harsh environments

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17
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are produced in one location, released into the blood, and elicit responses at other locations in the body

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18
Q

Barrier function

A

The protective role that gastrointestinal cells have in limiting the absorption of harmful substances and disease-causing organisms

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19
Q

Antigens

A

A foreign substance (almost always a protein) that, when introduced into the body, stimulates an immune response

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20
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins produced by cells of the immune system that destroy or inactivate foreign substances in the body

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21
Q

Allergen

A

A substance, usually a protein, that stimulates an immune response

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22
Q

Saliva

A

A watery fluid produced and secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands - it contains lubricants, enzymes, & other substances

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23
Q

Roles of saliva

A

Moistens the food so that it can easily be tasted & swallowed; it begins the enzymatic digestion of starch; it cleanses the mouth & protects teeth from decay; and it lubricates the upper GI tract

24
Q

Salivary amylase

A

An enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that breaks down starch

25
Q

Lysozyme

A

An enzyme in saliva, tears, and sweat that is capable of destroying certain types of bacteria

26
Q

Pharynx

A

A funnel-shaped opening that connects the nasal passages & mouth to the respiratory passages and esophagus - it is a common passageway for food and air and is responsible for swallowing

27
Q

Epiglottis

A

A piece of elastic connective tissue at the back of the throat that covers the opening of the passageway to the lungs during swallowing

28
Q

Esophagus

A

A portion of the GI tract that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

29
Q

Peristalsis

A

Coordinated muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract

30
Q

Sphincter

A

A muscular valve that helps control the flow of materials in the GI tract

31
Q

Chyme

A

A mixture of partially digested food and stomach secretions

32
Q

Parietal cells

A

Cells in the stomach lining that make hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor in response to nervous or hormonal stimulation

33
Q

Pepsinogen

A

An inactive protein-digesting enzyme produced by gastric glands and activated to pepsin by acid in the stomach

34
Q

pepsin

A

A protein-digesting enzyme produced by the gastric glands - it is secreted in the gastric juice in an inactive from and activated by acid in the stomach

35
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

An open sore in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, or small intestine

36
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone secreted by the stomach mucosa that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice

37
Q

Small intestine

A

Main site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

38
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like protrusions of the lining of the small intestine that participate in the digestion & absorption of old nutrients

39
Q

Microvilli

A

Minute, brush-like projections on the mucosal cell membrane that increase the absorptive surface area in the small intestine

40
Q

Lacteal

A

A tubular component of the lymphatic system that carries fluid away from the body tissues

41
Q

Segmentation

A

Rhythmic local constrictions of the intestine that mix food with digestive juices and speed absorption by repeatedly moving food mass over the intestinal wall

42
Q

Pancreas

A

An organ that secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the small intestine during digestion

43
Q

Gallbladder

A

An organ of the digestive system that stores bile, which is produced by the liver

44
Q

Lipases

A

Fat digesting enzymes

45
Q

Bile

A

A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is released into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion and absroption

46
Q

Secretion

A

A hormone released by the duodenum that signals the release of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions and stimulates the liver to secrete bile into the gallbladder

47
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A hormone released by the duodenum that stimulates the release of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes and causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum

48
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration - no energy is required

49
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in a direction that will equalize the concentration of dissolved substances on both sides

50
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier molecule - no energy is required

51
Q

Active transport

A

The transport of substances across a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier molecule and the expenditure of energy - this may occur against a concentration gradient

52
Q

Colon

A

The largest portion of the large intestine

53
Q

Rectum

A

The portion of the large intestine that connects the colon and anus

54
Q

Intestinal microflora

A

Micro-organisms that inhabit the large intestine

55
Q

Probiotics

A

Specific types of live bacteria found in foods that are believed to have beneficial effects on human health

56
Q

Prebiotics

A

Indigestible carbs that pass into the colon, where they serve as a food supply for bacteria, stimulating the growth or activity of certain types of beneficial bacteria

NUTRITION 120 (9 decks)

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