Module 2: Ethics and Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Society and culture definitely plays a major role in shaping our _____.

A

moral thinking and behavior

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2
Q

Study the story recounted by Herodotus in his
History, illustrates a recurring theme in the literature of social science” (Rachels &
Rachels 2019).

A

Module 2, Page 3

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3
Q

_____ is a view that good and bad are relative to culture.

A

Cultural relativism

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4
Q

Different cultures have different _____. What is moral
thought right within one group may horrify the members of another group and vice versa.

A

moral codes

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5
Q

What is “_____” is what is “_____” in a given culture.

A
  1. good
  2. socially approved
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6
Q

Our moral principles describe _____ and must be based on the norms of our society.

A

social conventions

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7
Q

Perhaps the most appealing of its claims is
that that it emphasizes that no culture is
superior to any other culture when comparing systems of _____ as a result, resulting in _____.

A
  1. morality, law, politics,
    etc.
  2. moral tolerance
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8
Q

_____ are equally valid and that
truth itself is relative, depending on the
cultural environment.

A

Cultural beliefs

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9
Q

Thus, those who hold to _____ hold that all religious, ethical, aesthetic, and political beliefs are completely relative to the individual within a cultural identity.

A

cultural relativism

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10
Q

Give the following claims by cultural relativist.

A
  1. Different societies have different moral
    codes.
  2. The moral code of a society determines what is right within that society; that is, if the moral code of a society says that a certain action is right, then that action is right, at least within that society.
  3. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one society’s code as better than another’s. There are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times.
  4. The moral code of our own society has no special status; it is but one among many.
  5. It is arrogant for us to judge other cultures. We should always be tolerant of them.
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11
Q

True or False: Perhaps it is undeniable that different cultures have
different moral codes.

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: What is thought right within one group may horrify the members of another group and vice versa.

A

True

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13
Q

To raise questions from the story, we can ask this following. First, should individuals eat the bodies of the dead or burn them? Second, can they judge the culture of others? The answer to the first question is that, if you were a Greek, to burn the bodies of the dead would seem correct; but if you were a Callatian, to eat the bodies of the dead would seem equally certain. For the second question, to call a custom “correct” or “incorrect” would imply that we can judge that custom by some independent standard of right and wrong.

A

Study this two, page 4.

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14
Q

True or False: According to Rachels (2019), no such standard exists; every standard is culture-bound.

A

True

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15
Q

_____ plays a major part in our perception of what is moral, and because of that, it could also pose some issues since each culture has a unique feature that other culture doesn’t have. With this regard, _____ challenges our belief in the objectivity and universality of moral truth.

A
  1. Culture
  2. cultural relativism
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16
Q

Study the Ima Relativist
(Harry Gensler), page 4-5.

A

Love ka ni Lord

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17
Q

Given the diversity of the Philippines, the unifying element of _____ is a complex matter. It comprises a _____.

A
  1. Filipino culture
  2. diverse set of landscapes, languages, and cultures
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18
Q

Give the Core concepts in Filipino Culture.

A

• Hospitality
• Hiya
• Modesty
• Courtesy
• Warmth
• Respect
• Kapwa
• Fatalism

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19
Q

As Evason (2016) discussed, “the long history
of contact with Spain and the United States
continues to have a significant impact on the _____. One example is the _____, which are often measured in the Philippines by the _____. Another example is the _____ since the introduction of Christianity by the Spanish. Indeed, when compared to other countries on the Asian continent, the
Philippines has _____.”

A
  1. Filipino identity
  2. influence of American standards of beauty
  3. possession of Western physical traits – such as fair skin and curly hair
  4. prominence of Christian ideology
  5. one of the highest Christian populations
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20
Q

True or False: Nonetheless, a sense of national identity emerged out of the long-standing struggle for independence. In the contemporary Philippines, many Filipinos are very aware of the colonial history of their country.

A

True

21
Q

For example, Jose Rizal who is a national hero who fought for Philippine independence is being looked up by many of as an exemplar of a virtuous person. The sense of _____ is however fragile, with loyalty resides first to their kin, group, or community.

A

national identity

22
Q

That is why the Philippines is a _____ thus Filipinos see themselves as part of a collective group where the interest of the collectives overrides the interest of the individual (Evason 2016).

A

collectivist society

23
Q

True or False: The core concepts of Filipino culture contributes not only to their national identity but also their moral identity.

A

True

24
Q

_____ in the Philippines is very vital. All Filipinos at a very early age are being taught of the importance of it.

A

Social hierarchy

25
Q

Give one obvious example of social hierarchy.

A

One obvious example of this is the gestures, terms of address, and communication styles which depend on the person they interact with as well as the position in the social hierarchy.

26
Q

To give a more specific example of social hierarchy, it is expected if you are referring to someone who is older than you but within
the same generation, we use the terms _____ for males and _____ for females, while for family members or even to close family friend, not within the same generation, we use the terms _____. Failing to do so is considered highly disrespectful and a lack of
acknowledgment of the established hierarchy.

A
  1. Kuya
  2. Ate
  3. tito or tita
27
Q

The term _____, on the other hand, refers to “shared self”, “shared identity”, or
“self-in-the-other” (Reyes 2015). Thus, it generally refers to an identity that is shared
and whereby people connect despite differences in social status or wealth. Moreover, _____ is related to the collectivistic nature of Filipino society.

A

Kapwa

28
Q

Bear in mind the things below:

A

It is believed that what is good for one person will be good for the collective and ought to be is shared with fellow people. Being branded as not having any kapwa is an insult as it implies that the person does not belong to a community (Evason 2016).

29
Q

The concept of ‘_____’ is also one of the important factors influencing how Filipinos behave and interact with others.

A

hiya

30
Q

According to Evason (2016) hiya translates
roughly into English as ‘_____’ or ‘_____’, on a deeper level it refers to _____.

A
  1. shame
  2. embarrassment
  3. one’s sense of self, propriety, and respect
31
Q

Filipinos may be more motivated to succeed by a fear of _____ rather than fear of failing the task at hand. To avoid experiencing _____, they may try to give face to those around them through complimenting them and avoiding direct criticism.

A

shame

32
Q

Individuals will often try to be generous and hospitable to avoid _____ and to maintain _____.

A
  1. hiya
  2. kapwa
33
Q

Bear in mind the things below:

A

It is an undeniable fact that Filipinos are very welcoming and friendly. They love the presence of other individuals around them, and it is common to find strangers engaging in conversation or sharing stories to family, friends or foreigners. Also, are often expressive and sentimental while maintaining a light-hearted character.

34
Q

The word ‘_____’ (‘to pull out’) is often used to describe someone drawing out deep sentimental memories or experiences Evason (2016). They are often willing to share stories of their past that may be considered personal.

A

hugot

35
Q

Moreover, Filipinos have the general approach to life is _____. ‘_____’ (come what may) captures the strong belief among many Filipinos that whatever may happen is a part of God’s will. Evason (2016) explains that any individual or group’s success is often attributed to fate or God rather than efforts. This indicates a _____ throughout society whereby Filipinos are generally accepting of
theirs and other circumstances. However, this does not mean Filipinos are passive. Rather, they are hardworking and will often do their best to help themselves and their family.

A
  1. of acceptance
  2. Bahala na
  3. fatalistic attitude
36
Q

In contrast with the popular scheme of Filipino ‘_____’ inherited from _____, this introduction presents a revised interpretation of those ‘_____’ through a dialogue with _____. Filipino virtue ethics is the result of the mixing of two traditions—the _____—for over 300 years. It has two main concepts: _____, which serve as pillars that support a special collection of virtues dedicated to strengthening and preserving human relationships.

A

1&3. values
2. twentieth century American scholarship
4. Aristotelian-Thomistic virtue ethics
5. Southeast Asian tribal and animist tradition and the Spanish Catholic tradition
6. loób and kapwa

37
Q

Filipino Virtue Ethics:

This word is literally translated as “beauty-of-will”. The beauty of the will in this context is determined by one’s relationship towards the kapwa. Someone who has an affective concern for others and the willingness to help them in times of need is a person with _____. It is best understood through the paradigmatic example of a mother’s love and concern for her child, most especially during the child’s weakness in infancy.

A

kagandahang-loob

38
Q

Filipino Virtue Ethics:

This word is literally translated as ‘debt-of-will’. It is the natural response to kagandahang-loób. It is the self-imposed obligation to give back the same kind of kagandahang-loob to the person who has shown it to you. When utang-na-loob is returned with interest, that is more than what is due, it can bring about a circular dynamic between two persons where the one who previously showed kagandahang-loób is now the one with _____, and then vice versa; it continues to alternate and strengthen the relationship in the process.

A

utang-na-loób

39
Q

Filipino Virtue Ethics:

The closest translation might be relational sensitivity or empath’. It is about being skilled in reading the other person’s feelings and
correctly guessing his inner state. It requires receptivity to many non-verbal cues, such as subtle facial expressions, tones of voice and bodily gestures. This indirect communication, though it might seem tedious or frustrating to the foreigner, is a way of practicing a kind of emotional intelligence, a way of evaluating and deepening the relationship with the other person.

A

Pakikiramdam

40
Q

Filipino Virtue Ethics:

_____ has been variously translated as embarrassment or shame. It has often been negatively criticized when studied in isolation, especially for the Filipino tendency to be roundabout and not direct to the point. But it is a virtue when it controls and restrains selfish desires for the welfare of the other. One of the most common manifestations is withholding a direct verbal confrontation that could embarrass the other, especially in public.

A

Hiya

41
Q

Filipino Virtue Ethics:

_____ is literally translated as courage,
_____ is sometimes translated as ‘fatalism’ or ‘resignation’, but it is translated more positively as courage to face uncertainty’. The unique history of the Philippines must also be taken into account in order to see that this is not just any kind of courage, but a courage for self-sacrifice for the kinship group.

A
  1. Lakas-ng-loob/
  2. bahala na
42
Q

Generational Values:

This is the first defined generational group. It refers to those born between 1926 and 1945, so these are people who lived through World War Two. The name comes from an article in Time magazine from the 1950s and alludes to the fact that the children of this generation were taught to be seen and not heard.
According to Dr.
Abramson, this group is: _____ (clue: DVI)

A

The Silent Generation

According to Dr. Abramson, this group is:
• Disciplined
• value-oriented and loyal
• interested in direct communication, so enjoy speaking in person as opposed to via technology

43
Q

Generational Values:

This is the only generation that’s been defined by an official government body:
The US Census Bureau (which is part of the country’s Department for Commerce and is responsible for collecting data from across the US). They’re so named because of the huge surge of births after World War Two. The group starts in 1946 and ends with those born around 1964 when the birthrate began to decline again. Dr. Abramson says
they are: _____ (clue: CSC)

A

Baby Boomers

Dr. Abramson says
boomers are:

• committed
• self-sufficient
• competitive (she thinks this may have something to do with how many of them there were)

44
Q

Generational Values:

The Resolution Foundation think tank defines Gen X as those born between 1966 and 1980. They grew up in a time when technology was advancing fast, but it wasn’t nearly as readily available as it is today. Because of this, this generation straddles both the digital and non-digital world and understands the importance of both. Dr. Abramson says these people are:
_____ (clue: RLG)

A

Generation X

Dr. Abramson says these people are:

• resourceful
• logical
• good problem-solvers

45
Q

Generational Values:

This is the cohort you’ve probably heard the most about. It’s not entirely certain where the generation starts and ends, but it’s approximately those born from 1980 to
1995. They’re often described as ‘lazy’ in the media and that they spend all the money they should be saving for a house on avocado toast, but they’re also the first
generation to be “digital natives”, as Dr. Abramson describes them. She thinks this
makes them extremely self-sufficient, as they no longer have to rely on others to solve their problems or teach them things - they have the internet for that. Other defining characteristics include: _____ (clue: CCQ)

A

Millennials (Generation Y

Other defining characteristics include:
• confident
• curious
• questioning authority - Dr Abramson thinks that this can be perceived quite badly by some of the older generations, who would be less likely to do so

46
Q

Generational Values:

There are a few conflicting ideas about where this generation starts. Pew Statistics says 1997, Statistics Canada says 1993, and the Resolution Foundation says 2000. Wherever it begins though, we can safely say this group is young and has never known a life without tech. That might be why their alternative name (coined by American psychologist Dr. Jean Twenge) is iGen. Some of their characteristics include: _____ (clue: ADC)

A

Generation Z

Some of their characteristics
include:

• ambitious
• digital-natives
• confident

47
Q

The important thing to note according to Dr. Abramson is that while these separations can be useful, at the end of the day we are individuals. It’s like with horoscopes: you may identify with one or two characteristics of being a Sagittarius or a Leo, but you won’t ever fit your star sign’s description exactly. The same goes for cohorts, although as the stereotypes are given more prominence in the media, she notes that people in the different groups can “pigeon hole themselves into aligning themselves with those characteristics”. What they can help us with, as Dr. Abramson explains: is “so that we know how and when to work differently with a group.” In other words, you wouldn’t treat a 60-year-old the same way would a teenager, so having these cohorts gives us a rough idea of what different age groups might want and need (BBC 2020). Moreover, in terms of communication, Dr. Abramson says the key
difference between all of these cohorts are the different methods of communication
they use. Where the silent generation and baby boomers had to rely on face-to-face
relationships and are as a result more “engaged” in their real-life communities, the
younger generations have social media for that and create their communities online
instead. Nonetheless, the key to overcoming these differences, according to Dr. Abramson, is that “the younger folks can teach the older folks something and the older folks can teach the younger folks something”. Thus, she suggests “mentor-mentee relationships, downward and upward”. Historically it’s usually the older person holding the position of being a mentor. So for example, in a workplace, an older person might take a young newbie under their wing to teach them what they know and give them a leg up in the organization (BBC 2020).

A

Bridging the Generation Gap

48
Q

_____ differ not only by _____ but also by _____. There are notable characteristics among generations. Each is unique and needs to be openly understood and ultimately, be respected.

A
  1. Values
  2. culture
  3. generations