Module 2 Defining Culture and Society from the Perspectives of Anthropology and Sociology

Question 1

A term used to include all the facets of human experience; the way we understand ourselves both as individuals and as members of society, and includes stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, used to make sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior; an anthropological term; a product of human evolution

Answer 2

Culture

Question 3

Sees culture as consisting of beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society

Answer 3

Sociology

Question 4

A group of people living in the same territory, relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture

Answer 4

Society

Question 5

Understanding people’s worldview; repository of our being

Answer 5

Anthropology

Question 6

Consists of the “objects” of a society

Answer 6

Culture

Question 7

Consists of the people who share a common culture

Answer 7

Society

Question 8

The collection of all physical objects that people invented or borrowed from other cultures

Answer 8

Material culture

Question 9

Father of communism

Answer 9

Karl Marx

Question 10

Conflict/critical perspective

Answer 10

Neomarxism

Question 11

One of the greatest thinkers of the 20th century

Answer 11

Pierre Bourdieu

Question 12

Three symbolic capitals:

Answer 12

• Social capital
• Cultural cpaital
• Economic capital

Question 13

When we learn our own culture; welcoming, embracing, practicing your own culture

Answer 13

Enculturation

Question 14

When old people learn from the young

Answer 14

Pre-figurative

Question 15

When young people learn from the old

Answer 15

Post-figurative

Question 16

Learning from each other/colleagues

Answer 16

Co-figurative

Question 17

Can be tangible or intangible

Answer 17

Heritage

Question 18

Consists of the intangible human creations that include beliefs, values, norms, and symbols

Answer 18

Nonmaterial culture

Question 19

The conceptions that people accept as true, concerning how the world operates and where the individual fits in relationship to others

Answer 19

Beliefs

Question 20

The conceptions that people accept as true, concerning how the world operates and where the individual fits in relationship to others

Answer 20

Beliefs

Question 21

The general and shared conceptions of what is good, right, appropriate, and important regarding conduct, appearance, and states of being

Answer 21

Values

Question 22

The rules, written or not, specifying appropriate and inappropriate behavior to a particular social situation; ranges from the mild ones applying to the mundane aspects of daily life (folkways) to the ones that people define as essential to the well-being of the group (mores)

Answer 22

Norms

Question 23

Any kind of physical or conceptual phenomenon that carries additional meaning beyond itself to others who share in the culture

Answer 23

Symbol

Question 24

An organized set of symbols by which humans are able to think and communicate with others

Answer 24

Language

Question 25

Symbols can be:

Answer 25

Physical, conceptual

Question 26

Culture has allowed us to survive in major geographic regions all over the globe.

Answer 26

Culture is an adaptive mechanism.

Question 27

Culture is non-instinctive; we are not genetically programed to learn one. We are predisposed to learn cultural traits, including language.

Answer 27

Culture is learned.

Question 28

What we know and discover were added up to what has been previously known.

Answer 28

Culture is cumulative

Question 29

Knowledge is stored and passed on from one generation to the next, and new knowledge is being added to what is existing.

Answer 29

Culture changes.

Question 30

The way we experience culture in our everyday lives seems “natural” to us.

Answer 30

People usually are not aware of their culture.

Question 31

Although culture is largely shared, it is not the same for everyone.

Answer 31

We do not know all of our own culture.

Question 32

Culture tells us how different activities should be conducted.

Answer 32

Culture gives us a range of permissible behavior patterns.

Question 33

From one culture/locality to another; transcultural exchange because of the influence of other cultures

Answer 33

Culture gives us a range of permissible behavior patterns.

Question 34

Due to globalization, improvements in transportation and communication, it is highly unlikely that there are societies still existing in total isolation from the outside world.

Answer 34

Cultures no longer exist in isolation.

Question 35

Elements, patterns, traits, or institutions that are common to all human creatures worldwide

Answer 35

Cultural universals

Question 36

Anthropologist who dug into the works of many anthropologists and compared different cultures through customs

Answer 36

George Murdock

Question 37

Refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world

Answer 37

Cultural variation

Question 38

A culture within a broader mainstream culture, with its separate values, practices, and beliefs; distinctiveness of cultures among societies

Answer 38

Subculture

Question 39

A type of subculture that rejects some of the norms and values of the dominant culture

Answer 39

Counterculture

Question 40

The practice of viewing and judging someone else’s culture according to the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

Answer 40

Ethnocentrism

Question 41

Views people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture; places a priority on understanding other cultures

Answer 41

Cultural relativism

Question 42

The opposite of ethnocentrism; the tendency to value other cultures more highly than one’s own culture

Answer 42

Xenocentrism

Question 42

The opposite of ethnocentrism; the tendency to value other cultures more highly than one’s own culture

Answer 42

Xenocentrism