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Poplhlth111 > Module 2- Creating Interventations > Flashcards

Module 2- Creating Interventations Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sufficient cause?

A

One pie chart(combination of factors) that will cause disease

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2
Q

What is a component cause?

A

Contributes towards disease but cant cause disease on its own

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3
Q

What is a necessary cause?

A

Has to be present in order for the disease to occur

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4
Q

entire Bradford Hill Criteria need to be filled before determining causality?

A

No

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5
Q

Do all the causes of disease need to know before preventive measures

A

No- Even changing one component can reduce disease occurrence

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6
Q

What is the criteria that is essential to have in the B.H.C?

A

No- Even changing one component can reduce disease occurrence

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7
Q

What is the criteria that is essential to have in the B.H.C?

A

Temporality

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8
Q

What is the weakest criteria in the B.H.C?

A

Specificity of association

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9
Q

What criteria does increase exposure increase outcome come under?

A

Biological gradient(dose-response)

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10
Q

Why can’t consistency of association critter be used by itself?

A

study results have variation in quality + exposure effects can be different in people with different genetic makeup and other environmental factors can interrupt the exposure of interest

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11
Q

Why can’t a biological plausibility criteria be used by itself?

A

No biological explanation- it can be a new discovery Scientist can temper plausibility by making up a plausible-sounding hypothesis.

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12
Q

What does the reversibility criteria state?

A

A change in the exposure will cause a change in the outcome

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13
Q

Why are causes important in the health sector?

A

To establish and implement preventative measures

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14
Q

Why does the One-Size-Fits-All approach work?

A

Maori have different historical, social, cultural context

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15
Q

What are the main components of the Te Pae Mahutonga model?

A

Mauriora, Waiora, Toiora, Te Oranga, Te Mana Whakahaere, Nga Manukura

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16
Q

Who is the principles of Maori health promotion applicable to?

A

to the whole population

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17
Q

What is the difference between equality and equity?

A

Equality is providing everyone with the same resources while equity is providing resources to those who are in high need of them.

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18
Q

Why is Maori Health promotion important?

A

Maori are partners of the treaties and initial people 2) Inequalities 3)Mainstream promotion intervention have been less effective for Maori compared to NON-Maori

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19
Q

What does it mean by Mauriora?

A

It means to enable access to cultural identity (Maori Language, cultural institutions, land, societal dominos)

20
Q

Apart from individual choices, what else is Toiora impacted by?

A

Social determinants, cultural identity

21
Q

Why is Disease prevention important?

A
  • Cost of treatment and recovery- limitations curing disease, - Universal benefits
22
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Prevent disease occurrence

23
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Prevent complications of disease

24
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Ease the transition of an individual with long-term impacts (from disease) to life- Reduce the progression of complications

25
Q

What are some ways of preventing disease at the primary level?

A

Build a resistance to the disease(e.g immunisation), adopt healthy habit(5+ a day)

26
Q

What are some ways of preventing disease at the secondary level?

A

diagonalisation and treatment as soon as possible(regularly screening)

27
Q

What are some ways of preventing disease at the tertiary level?

A

Working with the individual, introducing them to support groups and rehabilitations.

28
Q

What is Sensitivity and Specificity measures for?

A

Test the accuracy of the test in predicting disease occurrence

29
Q

Is PPV+NPV or SS better in measuring accuracy of the test?

A

PPV+NPV

30
Q

Why is PPV and NPV better than the SS?

A

PPV+NPV take into account the prevalence of disease in a specific population-Give SPECIFIC information

31
Q

How does increased d prevalence impact on PPV and NPV

A

PPV increases, NPV decreases

32
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

Measures the ability of the test to identify correctly those who have the disease from all individuals with the disease

33
Q

What is specificity?

A

Measures the ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease (d) from all individuals free from the disease (b+d)

34
Q

What is the equation of sensitivity?

A

TP/TP+FN

35
Q

What is income inequality?

A

The unequal distribution of income- With the low percentage of people earning the most income

36
Q

What are some factors that influence inequality?

A

a)Skill-based Technological change b)Race, discrimination, gender

37
Q

Why is high income inequality a bad thing?

A

Increase total drug abuse, homicide, infant mortality, mental illness, violence in the more unequal income countries

38
Q

What are the major arguments for reducing income inequalities?

A

What should be done and how? Is it a problem or not? Is it fair as its mainly skill-based

39
Q

What is the Lorenz Curve?

A

Created to measure income inequalities within countries

40
Q

What is the measurement scale used to interpret the Gini coefficient

A

0= Perfect Equality 1= Perfect Inequality

41
Q

small size between the LC + Equality line impact on Gini coefficient?

A

Reduce Gini coefficient- less income inequality

42
Q

What is lead time bias?

A

Bias in survival rate=giving impression that survival rate is increased by screening

43
Q

does screening result in longer survival rate?

A

Yes-as screening diagnosis a disease early but the death rate between unscreened and screened patients remains the same

44
Q

What is length time bias?

A

Over-representation of the slowly progressing diseases and increase survival duration

45
Q

Why are there less rapid progressing diseases in screening programme?

A

Raid progresing disease- Symptoms apear faster- clinically diagnosed

46
Q

How does prevalence influence length time bias?

A

At one point in time, there will be more slowly progressing diseases than rapid progressing diseases

47
Q

Why does screening give an longer average survival than occurs in the pop?

A

On average the disease cases detected are likly to be a less agressive form of the disease.

Poplhlth111 (3 decks)

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