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A-Level Biology > Module 2: Cell structure > Flashcards

Module 2: Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA.
Controls the activity of the cell.

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Region within the nucleus.
Where ribosomes are made.

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3
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
Contains pores to allow small molecules to pass into the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

An extension of the nuclear envelope.
Coated with ribosomes.
Facilitates protein synthesis by providing a large surface area.
Transports newly synthesised proteins to the golgi apparatus.

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5
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises lipids like cholesterol and steroid hormones.

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6
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs surrounded by vesicles.
Modifies the proteins and lipids from the ERs.
Packages them into vesicles.
Site of lysosome synthesis.

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Responsible for the translation of RNA into protein.
Float freely in the cytoplasm or are on the surface of the RER.

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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of ATP production during aerobic respiration.
Contains a double membrane which folds into cristae providing a large surface area.

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9
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Phospholipid rings that contain digestive enzymes.
Engulf and destroy old organelles and foreign material.

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis.
Enclosed by a double membrane.
Has thylakoids arranged in stacks to form grana linked by lamellae.
Only found in plants and photosynthesising bacteria or protoctists.

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11
Q

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

A

Has a phospholipid bilayer.
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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12
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Bundle of microtubules.
Form spindle fibres during mitosis.
Not found in plant and bacteria cells.

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13
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Rigid structure providing support to the cell.
Cellulose in plants.
Chitin in fungi.
Peptidoglycan in prokaryotes.

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14
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Tail like structure
Made up of bundles of microtubules
Propel cells forward

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15
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Finger like projections
Contain microtubules that contract to make cilia move

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16
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Stores cell sap
Helps keep cells turgid

17
Q

How organelles assist protein production?

A
  • translation of mRNA into a polypeptide happens in the ribosomes on the RER.
  • the chain is folded at the RER
  • vesicle transports the polypeptide to the golgi
  • chain is modified and processed at the golgi
  • packaged into another vesicle
  • travels to the cell surface membrane to fuse and be released out of the cell via excytosis
18
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of protein threads that run through the cytoplasm
Arranged as microfilaments and microtubules to keep organelles in place
Help organelles move around the cell
Helps strengthen the cell and maintain its shape

19
Q

Compare eukaryotic cells to prokaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes have circular DNA that floats freely
Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes

20
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small, circular rings of DNA in prokaryotic cells

21
Q

What is a slime capsule?

A

Protects bacterium against an immune system attack

A-Level Biology (32 decks)

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