Module 2: Cell Division & Chromosomes

Question 1

Diploid

Answer 1

• A cell that has 2 chromosomes

- 2n

Question 2

Haploid

Answer 2

• A cell that has 1 chromosome
• Reproductive cells
• 1n

Question 3

Constitutional Abnormalities

Answer 3

• Present in every cell or in most cells

- Ex: Down Syndrome

Question 4

Acquired (Somatic) Abnormalities

Answer 4

• Present in only certain cells/tissues
• Can result in disease expression but weren’t present at birth
• Usually found in cancer

Question 5

Numerical Abnormalities

Answer 5

• Either missing chromosomes or have extra

- Aneuploidy & polyploidy

Question 6

Polyploidy

Answer 6

A chromosomal mutation where there is too few or too many sets of chromosomes

Question 7

Aneuploidy

Answer 7

• A chromosomal mutation where there is 1 or more too many or too few chromosome
• Ex: Down Syndrome

Question 8

Structural Abnormalities

Answer 8

• Normal number of chromosomes but individual chromosomes aren’t normal
• Translocations, partial deletions/duplications, rings chromosomes

Question 9

Translocations

Answer 9

-Chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome

Question 10

Rings Chromosomes

Answer 10

A mutated chromosome whose ends have fused together to form a ring

Question 11

Inversions

Answer 11

• Part of the chromosome is broken off and flipped over

- DNA is there but isn’t in the right orientation

Question 12

Robertsonian Translocations

Answer 12

• No info on the P arm

- Occurs on chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, 22

Question 13

Unbalanced Translocations

Answer 13

Result in net gain and/or loss of genetic info

Question 14

Unbalanced Translocations

Answer 14

Result in net gain and/or loss of genetic info

Question 15

Reciprocal Translocations

Answer 15

• Doesn’t affect the individual but it can affect the gametes they produce
• Could result in a miscarriage

Question 16

Duplications & Deletions

Answer 16

• Come from chromosomal inversions

- Has correct number of chromosomes but some bands might be missing/extra

Question 17

Somatic cells are produced utilizing which process?

Answer 17

Mitosis

Question 18

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) is an example of ____.

Answer 18

• Constitutional abnormality
• Numerical abnormality
• Aneuploidy

Question 19

What are the possible findings for someone with a balanced reciprocal translocation?

Answer 19

• No physical or health problems
• Increase risk for miscarriage
• Increased risk for a child w/ disabilities

Question 20

An individual with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) most likely has normal blood chromosomal studies (True/False)

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What is required for the gain or loss of genes in the gametes of an individual that carriers a balanced inversion?

Answer 21

Crossing over

Question 22

Meiosis

Answer 22

• The formation of egg and sperm cells (germ cells)

- Results in 4 sex cells

Question 23

Mitosis

Answer 23

• Replication of somatic cells (all cells except germ/sex cells)
• Results in 2 identical daughter cells