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HUBS 192 > Module 2 - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the general organisation of the cardiovascular system.

A
  • heart = pump
  • arteries = supply path
  • capillaries = exchange site
  • Veins/Lymphatics = Drainage system
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2
Q

What is the cardiovascular organs made up of?

A
  • vascular tissue
  • connective tissues
  • epithelial cells
  • muscle cells
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3
Q

What are the differences between the blood vascular system and the lymphatic system?

A

Blood Vascular system - A closed supply and drainage system (a continuous loop)
Lymphatic system - An open-entry drainage (a one-way system)

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4
Q

What are the general principles of the cardiovascular system?

A

Supply side, Exchange network and Drainage

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5
Q

Describe the supply side.

A
  • arteries are the only supply path
  • placed in the body that will avoid injury
  • carries blood at a high pressure/velocity
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6
Q

Describe the exchange network.

A
  • capillaries of varying degrees of permeability

- different tissues have different capillaries

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7
Q

Describe the drainage.

A
  • 3 pathways for drainage (deep veins, superficial veins and lymphatics)
  • CSA of veins are at least twice that of arteries
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8
Q

What is the shape of a heart?

A
  • cone shaped, blunt
  • apex = pointed end
  • base = broad end
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9
Q

Where does the heart sit?

A
  • mediastinum
  • 2/3 to the left of the midline
  • rotated to the left and tilted posteriorly
  • base sits near the 2-3 rib
  • apex around the 5-6 rib and is sitting against PMI (point of maximal impulse)
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10
Q

What structure makes sure we have a left and right side of the heart?

A

Interventricular septum

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11
Q

What are the veins that connect to the right atrium and where do they get blood from?

A
  • Superior vena cava - head, neck, chest and upper limbs
  • Inferior vena cava - everywhere below the diaphragm
  • Coronary sinus - from the heart itself
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12
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

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13
Q

what is the name of the sac where the heart sits?

A

Pericardium

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14
Q

What is the endocardium made up of?

A
  • layer of SIMPLE epithelium for a non stick surface between the wall and the blood.
  • small blood vessels
  • loose fibrous connective tissue (FCT)
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15
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right?

A

Because it is pumping blood on a long journey around the body so needs a more powerful contraction compared to the right which is making a short journey to the lungs

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16
Q

What is the epicardium made up of?

A
  • contains part of the pericardium called visceral pericardium
  • blood vessels
  • loose FCT, adipose
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17
Q

What are the the different layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity and visceral serous pericardium

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18
Q

What is the name of the valve between the atrium and ventricle?

A

Atrioventricular valve (AV valve)

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19
Q

What is the function of the AV valves and what are the differences between the left and right side?

A

Function - prevent backflow of blood from ventricle to the atrium
Right - tricuspid valve
Left - bicuspid valve

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20
Q

What are the states of the heart when it’s contracting and not contracting?

A

Contracting = systole

Not contracting = diastole

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21
Q

What is the function of semilunar valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles during diastole

22
Q

What are the semilunar valves name on the left and right side?

A 
Right = pulmonary valve
Left = Aortic valve
23
Q

What is the name of the muscle and the strand that is attached to the edge of the AV valve leaflet?

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

24
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles?

A

Ensuring the leaflets don’t just open the other way by creating tension in the chordae tendineae

25
Q

What is the function of myocardium?

A

continuously beating the heart

26
Q

What is the structure of the cardiac muscle cell?

A
  • Striated
  • central nucleus
  • interconnected with neighboring cells via intercalated disks (ICDs)
27
Q

Why are the arrangement of sarcomeres different?

A

Because they’re short, stubby and have branching arms

28
Q

What are the 3 different ways muscle cells are adhered together?

A
  • Adhesion cells (actin to actin)
  • Desmosomes (cytokeratin to cytokeratin)
  • Gap junction (electrochemical communication)
29
Q

What are the major arteries from the heart to the feet?

A

Ascending aorta > Aortic arch > descending thoracic aorta > abdominal aorta common iliac artery > external iliac artery > femoral artery > popliteal artery > posterior tibial artery > plantar arch.

30
Q

What are the major veins from the feet to the heart?

A

Plantar venous arch > posterior tibial vein > popliteal vein > femoral vein > external iliac vein > common iliac vein > inferior vena cava.

31
Q

What is the longest vein that joins at the femoral vein?

A

Great saphenous vein.

32
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel?

A
  • Tunica intima - inner layer
  • Tunica media - middle layer
  • Tunica adventitia - outer layer
33
Q

What is the structure of the tunica intima and what are the layers composed of?

A
  • Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium
  • Sub-endothelium - fibrous connective tissue
  • Internal elastic lamina - dense connective tissue, elastin
34
Q

True or false: because the intima is thin it isn’t important in the heart.

A

False

35
Q

Describe the tunica media.

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Connective tissue - mainly elastin and collagen
  • Thickness is proportional to vessel diameter and blood pressure.
36
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia.

A
  • Loose FCT with high amount of collagen and some elastin
  • in large vessels it contains the vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessels)
  • Lymphatics and autonomic nerves are found here
37
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

determines the blood pressure

38
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Site of exchange between blood and tissues.

39
Q

What are venules?

A

mono cuspid valve that makes sure that if blood runs back it creates a blockage.

40
Q

What are the functions of veins?

A
  • Low pressure but large volume transport system

- Capacitance vessels

41
Q

What is the structure of the veins?

A

Intima, Media and adventitia but media is thinner and adventitia is the thickest layer.

42
Q

What are the three different types of capillaries?

A
  • Continuous capillaries
  • Fenestrated capillaries
  • Sinusoidal capillaries
43
Q

What surrounds the capillaries?

A
  • Basement membrane.
44
Q

What is the differences between the different capillary types?

A

Continuous - brings red blooc cells as close to the wall as possible.
Fenestrated - has pore like structures (fenestrations) within the epithelial layer.
Sinusoidal - biggest capillary, intercellular gap within the endothelial layer and incomplete basement membrane.

45
Q

What is the function of the lymph vascular system?

A
  • Drains excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins from tissues and returns to blood.
  • Filters foreign material from the lymph
  • screens lymph for foreign antigens and provide an immune response.
  • Absorbs fat from intestine and transports to blood.
46
Q

What is the lymphatic system structure?

A
  • Large, blinde ending capillaries.

- Larger (thin wall) collecting vessels have numerous valves to prevent backflow.

47
Q

What are the vessels that takes the blood away and to the heart?

A

To the heart = venous/vein

Away from the heart = arterial/artery

48
Q

What is the order of the chambers contractions?

A

Left & right atria - left and right ventricles.

49
Q

What valves control the flow between the atria and ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular

50
Q

What valves control the flow between the ventricles and the circulatory vessels?

A

Aortic and pulmonary

51
Q

What is the initiator of the electrical signal?

A

sinoatrial node (SAN)

52
Q

What allows the cells in the heart to communicate for a contraction?

A

gap junctions

HUBS 192 (2 decks)

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