Module 2 (C & D) Flashcards
Are involved in nearly every biological process within the cell
Protein
Example of biological process
Catalyzing biochemical reactions
Regulating (turning on and off) biochemical processes
Transporting molecules across cell membranes from cell to cell, or from cell to another part)
Proteins are also involved in _____ (self- induced movement of the cell)
Cell motility
Protein roles
- Physics of protein folding
- Conformational transitions
- Binding is crucial to understand
Process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation
Protein folding
All protein molecules are _____
Heterogeneous unbranched chains of amino acids
Protein folding is a process by which
A polypeptide chain folds to become a biologically active protein in its native 3D structure
The structure of a protein is hierarchically arranged from a ____ to ____ structure
Primary to Quarternary
Refers to the linear sequence of amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain
Primary structure
Generated by formation of hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone
Secondary structure
Secondary structure folds the chains into either ____ or ____
Alpha helices or beta sheets
Formed by the folding of the secondary structure sheets or helices into one another
Tertiary structure
Usually a geometric shape and has polypeptide chain as a backbone
Tertiary structure
Determined by the interactions and bonding of the amino acid side chains in the protein
Tertiary structure
Results from folded amin-acids chains in tertiary structures interacting further with each other to give rise to functional protein like hemoglobin or DNA polymerase
Quarternary structure
Primary structure is also known as
Amino acid structure
Secondary structure is also known as
Regular sub- structures
Tertiary structure is also known as
Three- dimensional structure
Quaternary structure is also known as
Complex of protein molecule
External factors influencing the sensitive process of protein folding
- Electric and Magnetic field
- Temperature
- pH
- Chemicals
- Space Limitation
- Molecular crowding
The hydrophobic effect constrains the _____ ____ of a protein to escape water
Apolar residues
The apolar residues converge to form an apolar core of the protein leaving more ______
Polar residues at the surface where they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules (upper panel)
The ____ contribution to the folding reaction is illustrated in the lower panel
Enthalpic
Lower panel is
electrostatic interaction between the positive N- terminus and the negative C- terminus
Disappears from the surface when the protein folds
Apolar surfaces
Apolar means
No charge
An example of neurodegenerative condition cause by protein misfolding
Alzheimers, Huntingtons, Parkinsons
This branch of biophysics studies the energy flow in living systems
Bioenergenetics
Most life forms get their energy from
Sun
Cellular processes such as the building and breaking down of complex molecules occur through ___
Stepwise chemical reactions
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, energy is provided by a molecule called
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Describe how energy behaves in physical systems and biological
Law s of thermodynamics
States that energy cannot be created nor destroyed
First law of thermodynamics ( can be transferred from place to place)
States that in a closed system the orderliness (entropy) of the system can never increase but only decrease over time
Second law of thermodynamics
High disorder and low energy =
High entropy
______ increases as molecules at a ____ concentration in one place diffuse and spread out
Entropy at a high
Living thighs are highly ordered, requiring constant energy to be maintained at ____
State of low entropy
Application of probability and statistics to large populations of molecules
Statistical mechanics
