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NASM AFAA > Module 2: Basic Exercise Science > Flashcards

Module 2: Basic Exercise Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Three Systems within Human Body

A

Nervous, skeletal, and muscular

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2
Q

Kinetic Chain

A

Three systems responsible for human movement

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3
Q

Human Movement System

A

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

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4
Q

Nervous System

A

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

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5
Q

Two Parts of Nervous System

A
  1. Central (brain and spinal cord)

2. Peripheral (nerves)

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6
Q

Three Primary Functions of Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory: sense changes in environment
  2. Integrative: analyze and interpret information
  3. Motor: neuromuscular response to sensory information
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7
Q

Proprioception

A

Body’s ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body
Training this ability will improve balance, coordination, and posture
Decreases risk of injury

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8
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

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9
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Three main parts of the neuron

A
  1. Cell body: contains nucleus and other organelles
  2. Axon: transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites; provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of body
  3. Dendrites: gather information from other structures and transmit it back into the neuron
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11
Q

Three functional classifications of neurons

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons: respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli; transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to brain and spinal cord
  2. Interneurons: transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
  3. Motor neurons: transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites

(touching a hot object)

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12
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord; coordinate the activity of all parts of the body

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body and the external environment.
Consists of 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and sensory receptors.

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14
Q

Two Functions of Peripheral Nerves

A
  1. Provide a connection for the nervous system to activate different effector sites, such as muscles
  2. Relay information from the effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors
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15
Q

Subdivisions of PNS

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System: nerves that serve outer areas of the body; responsible for voluntary movement
  2. Autonomic Nervous System: supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body
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16
Q

Subdivisions of Autonomic System

A
  1. Sympathetic: increase levels of activation in preparation for activity
  2. Parasympathetic: decrease levels of activation during periods of rest and recovery
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17
Q

4 Types of Sensory Receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors: respond to mechanical forces
  2. Nociceptors: respond to pain
  3. Chemoreceptors: respond to chemical interaction
  4. Photoreceptors: respond to light
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18
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length and rate of length change

Rapid neural response is designed as a protective mechanism to prevent overstretching and potential muscle damage

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19
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Specialized sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into tendons of skeletal muscle

Activation of the golgi tendon organs will cause the muscle to relax which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or possibility of injury

20
Q

Joint receptors

A

Located in and around the joint capsule, and they respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Signal extreme joint positions and help to prevent injury

21
Q

Skeletal System

A

Provides shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals

22
Q

Growth, maturation, and functionality of the skeletal system are greatly affected by __________

A

posture, physical activity, and nutrition

23
Q

Two Parts of Skeletal System

A
  1. Axial: skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

2. Appendicular: upper and lower extremities, shoulder, pelvic girdles

24
Q

Remodeling

A

Process of resorption and formation of bone

25
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Special cells that break down old bone tissue

26
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Special cells that form new bone tissue

27
Q

5 Major Types of Bones

A
  1. Long: long, cylindrical shaft or irregular or widened ends
  2. Short: similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape
  3. Flat: thin, protective
  4. Irregular: unique shape and function
  5. Sesamoid: small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
28
Q

Anatomic Features of a Long Bone

A
  1. Epiphysis: end of long bones, composed of cancellous bone, houses much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; primary sites for bone growth
  2. Diaphysis: shaft portion of long bone; support
  3. Epiphyseal Plate: connecting diaphysis to the epiphysis
29
Q

Periosteum

A

Forms a tough fibrous membrane that coats the bone

30
Q

Medullary cavity

A

space that runs through the center of the diaphysis and contains fatty yellow marrow that is composed of adipose tissue and serves as a useful energy reserve

31
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

Covers the ends of articulating bones; hard, white, shiny tissue that reduces friction in freely moving joints

32
Q

Surface Markings

A

Specific distinguishing structures that are necessary for increasing the stability in joints as well as providing attachment sites for muscles
Categorized into depressions and processes

33
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of the bone (fossa, sulcus)

34
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach (process, condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, and trochanter)

35
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Consists of a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae

  1. Cervical Spine: 1st seven
  2. Thoracic Spine: twelve vertebrae in upper middle back
  3. Lumbar Spine: five vertebrae of low back
  4. Sacrum: triangular bone located below lumbar spine
  5. Coccyx: located below sacrum
36
Q

Arthokinematics

A

Joint motion; roll, slide, and spin

37
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Most common joints associated with human movement

38
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

No joint cavity, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure. Little to no movement (skull, distal joint o tibia and fibula, and symphysis pubis)

39
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone and provide static and dynamic stability as well as input to the nervous system; made up of collagen; do not heal or repair very well due to lack of blood supply

40
Q

Muscular System

A

System that allows for movement for the skeletal system

41
Q

Three Major Muscle Types

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Smooth Muscle
42
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force; as with ligaments, tendons have poor blood supply, leaving them susceptible to slower repair and adaptation

43
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

44
Q

Two Protein Structures Important to Muscle Contraction

A
  1. Tropomyosin

2. Troponin

45
Q

Neural Activation

A

Communication link between the nervous system and the muscular system

NASM AFAA (2 decks)

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