MODULE 2 - ATOM

Question 1

What does Democritus said?

Answer 1

Atom was fundamental, indestructible, indivisible particle.

Question 2

is an incredibly small but smooth and whole object

Answer 2

atom

Question 3

universe seemed to be both

Answer 3

changing and constant

Question 4

were two of the most important theorists about the natural and physical world.

Answer 4

Leucippus and Democritus

Question 5

Leucippus and Democritus are called _____ in Ancient Greece

Answer 5

physicists

Question 6

_____ idea that things are made up of much smaller things that cannot be changed nor divided. Suggested by Leucippus and Democritus

Answer 6

atomism

Question 7

where there are no atoms, there is a

Answer 7

void

Question 8

Atoms are incredibly small and cannot be divided, hence atomos

Answer 8

uncuttable

Question 9

Atoms themselves are

Answer 9

solid, homogeneous and cannot change

Question 10

Atoms _____ in the void cause the changes we see in our universe.

Answer 10

moving about and colliding

Question 11

Greek philosophers

Answer 11

THALES (640- 540BC)

ANAXIMENES (611-546BC)

HERACLITUS (540-475BC)

EMPEDOCLES (430-390BC)

Question 12

thought that the basic element of matter was WATER

Answer 12

THALES (640- 540BC)

Question 13

on the other hand, thought it was Air

Answer 13

ANAXIMENES (611-546BC)

Question 14

thought FIRE was the basic element.

Answer 14

HERACLITUS (540-475BC)

Question 15

combined these ideas and added a fourth element, EARTH.

Answer 15

EMPEDOCLES (430-390BC)

Question 16

Mesopotamians:

Answer 16

• techniques to utilize metals like gold and copper.
• assigned certain symbols to match metals with the heavenly bodies such as the Sun and Moon.

Question 17

Egyptians

Answer 17

adapted techniques from the Mesopotamians and perfected the use of bronze, dye and glass that the Greeks later copied.

Question 18

Chinese

Answer 18

also had their own processes for metalwork and ceramic materials, but they especially focused on finding minerals, plants and substances that could prolong life

Question 19

Indians

Answer 19

had a kind of alchemy (rasayana) that looked at different substances and practices for Vedic medicine.

Question 20

Arabs and Muslims

Answer 20

enriched not only the practice but also the literature of chemistry. In particular, the scholar Jabir Ibn-Hayyan, also known as Geber, translated the practices and Aristotelian thinking of the Greeks and wrote extensively on how metals can be purified. He came up with the preparation of acids such as nitric, hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, as well as aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid).

Question 21

Robert Boyle

Answer 21

• rejected a concept proposed by the alchemists notably Paracelsus that matter consist of three principle essences- salt, sulfur and mercury.
• Book called “The Skeptical Chymist”in 1661
• said that element is a pure substance that is not made of other substances. Element therefore cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Question 22

• rejected a concept proposed by the alchemists notably Paracelsus that matter consist of three principle essences- salt, sulfur and mercury.
• Book called “The Skeptical Chymist”in 1661
• said that element is a pure substance that is not made of other substances. Element therefore cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Answer 22

Robert Boyle

Question 23

Robert Boyle’s ideas

Answer 23

Corpuscles are primitive, indivisible, and whole particles.

This idea opposed Aristotle’s belief that matter is infinitely divisible.

Elements are the simplest substances that make up mixtures.

They cannot be broken down into other substances through chemical reactions.

Question 24

Around ____, a French man named _____ used closed vessels and precise weight measurements in many experiments to achieve the following:

Answer 24

1789
Antoine Lavoisier

Question 25

Antoine Lavoisier achieved what?

Answer 25

- disproved the principle of phlogiston, where heated metals were thought to lose a substance of negative weight. Metals, which gain weight when heated in open air, actually react with oxygen air, causing it to form a calx (metal oxide). - air is not an element because it could be separated into several components. Lavoisier called it oxygen. - He showed that water is not an element, because it was made of two substances.

Question 26

Chemical atomic theory proposed by?

Answer 26

John Dalton (1766-1844)

Question 27

John Dalton (1766-1844)

Answer 27

Chemical Atomic Theory

Question 28

Chemical Atomic Theory

Answer 28

* Gases, and all chemically inseparable elements, are made of atoms. * The atoms of an element are identical in their masses. * Atoms of different elements have different masses. * Atoms combine in small, whole number ratios.

Question 29

3 Fundamental Laws

Answer 29

* Antoine Lavoisier’s Law of Conservation of Mass * Joseph Proust’s Law of Definite Proportions * John Dalton’s Law of Multiple Proportions

Question 30

Dalton’s Atomic Theory:

Answer 30

First: -Elements: Made of identical atoms, unique properties. -Compounds: Formed by combination of different atoms, new properties. second: -one could compute the weights of elements (and their atoms) by looking at comparable amounts of the compounds they formed. third: -Atomic weights: Calculated relative to a reference. -Dalton’s reference: Hydrogen = 1 atomic weight. -Unit: Initially called dalton, now AMU (atomic mass unit).

Question 31

Scientists who made headway in the concept of the element thanks to Dalton’s theory

Answer 31

* Joseph Gay-Lussac * Amedeo Avogadro * Dmitri Mendeleev

Question 32

Joseph Gay-Lussac

Answer 32

- oxygen gas was made of 2 atoms of oxygen, and is a molecule not an atom - element wasn’t necessarily made up of one atom

Question 33

- oxygen gas was made of 2 atoms of oxygen, and is a molecule not an atom - element wasn’t necessarily made up of one atom

Answer 33

Joseph Gay-Lussac

Question 34

Amedeo Avogadro

Answer 34

- (the man who conceptualized the mole) - Equal volume and number of particles of 2 gasses (In simillar condition) would differ because of its molecular mass

Question 35

- (the man who conceptualized the mole) - Equal volume and number of particles of 2 gasses (In simillar condition) would differ because of its molecular mass

Answer 35

Amedeo Avogadro

Question 36

Dmitri Mendeleev

Answer 36

- published a periodic table of elements according to its weight -Find patterns to discover new elements

Question 37

From Lavoisier’s 33 elements, the century ended with

Answer 37

82

Question 38

Atom is made up of

Answer 38

nucleus and the electrons

Question 39

parts of a nucleus

Answer 39

protons and neutrons

Question 40

The negatively charge particle was discovered by Joseph John Thompson through the cathode ray tube experiment.

Answer 40

electron

Question 41

who discovered electron

Answer 41

Joseph John Thomson

Question 42

how did they discovered the electrons

Answer 42

cathode ray tube experiment

Question 43

neutral subatomic particles

Answer 43

neutrons.

Question 44

neutrons proposed by

Answer 44

James Chadwick

Question 45

positive charge

Answer 45

protons

Question 46

positive charge was discovered by

Answer 46

Eugene Goldstein

Question 47

who proved the discovery of proton

Answer 47

Ernest Rutherford

Question 48

_____ related electricity to atoms

Answer 48

Michael Faraday

Question 49

According to Michael Faraday

Answer 49

Atoms that behave the same way in chemical reactions have the same amount of electrical charge associated with them.

Question 50

Joseph John Thomson

Answer 50

electricity was in particles that were part of the atom Experimenting with cathode rays established the mass and charge properties of these particles (Electrons). plum-pudding model

Question 51

Ernest Rutherford,

Answer 51

- studied radioactivity - radioactivity occurred due to changes on a subatomic level, or changes - two kinds of radiation: α (alpha) and β (beta) - model with a positive nucleus at the center and electrons revolving like planets at a distance around it. - Protons

Question 52

Niels Bohr

Answer 52

- proposed that the electrons existed only at fixed distances from the nucleus at set “energy levels,” or quanta. -proposed that the electrons “jumped” between energy levels by absorbing or releasing discrete amounts of energy. - Electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or absorbing energy.

Question 53

Quanta was first conceptualized mathematically by

Answer 53

Max Planck

Question 54

James Chadwick

Answer 54

He discovered neutrons, neutral particles with a mass similar to protons, by studying radiation from beryllium that could displace protons. needed to have a neutral charge that would allow them to smash into the nucleus without being repelled by electrons or protons

Question 55

John Dalton model

Answer 55

billiard ball model, that all matter is composed of very small things which he called atoms.

Question 56

J.J. Thomson model

Answer 56

plum pudding model, electrons surrounded by a volume of positive charge, like negatively-charged “plums”

Question 57

Ernest Rutherford model

Answer 57

has a tiny, massive core called the nucleus. The nucleus has a positive charge. Electrons are particles with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus.

Question 58

Niels Bohr model

Answer 58

Bohr model, electrons travel in defined circular orbits around the nucleus. Electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or absorbing energy.

Question 59

Erwin Schrodinger model

Answer 59

Electron cloud model, we cannot know exactly where an electron is at any given time, but the electrons are more likely to be in specific areas.