Module 2

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

the capacity of an organization to communicate effectively and convey information in a manner that is easily understood by diverse audiences including:
o Bad English
o Low literacy skills
o Are not literate and individual’s

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

linguistic knowledge in actual usage

Question 3

performance error

Answer 3

making a mistake when you are speaking such as stuttering, mispronunciation or jumbling of words

Question 4

speech communication chain

Answer 4

1. think of what you want to communicate
2. pick out words to express the idea
3. put these words together in a certain order following rules
4. figure out how to pronounce these words
5. send those pronunciations to your vocal anatomy
6. send those sounds through the air
7. listener hears the sounds
8. listener interprets sounds as language
9. listener receives a communicated idea

Question 5

noise

Answer 5

anything that interferes with, distorts or slows down the transmission of information

Question 6

lexicon

Answer 6

Vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings

Question 7

mental grammar

Answer 7

The mental representation of grammar. The knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic units and rules of his native language.

Question 8

language variation

Answer 8

the property that languages exhibit of having different ways of expressing the same meaning

Question 9

descriptive grammar

Answer 9

linguist’s description or model of the mental grammar, including the units, structures and rules. an explicit statement of what speakers know about their language

Question 10

prescriptive grammar

Answer 10

A set of rules designed to give instructions regarding the socially embedded notion of the “correct” or “proper” way to speak or write.

Question 11

prescribe

Answer 11

WRITE AN ORDER FOR BEFORE IT CAN BE DONE

Question 12

Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)

Answer 12

1. mode of communication
2. semanticity
3. pragmatic function
4. interchangeability
5. cultural transmission
6. arbitrariness
7. discreteness
8. displacement
9. productivity

Question 13

mode of communication

Answer 13

means by which message is transmitted

Question 14

semanticity

Answer 14

language conveys meaning

Question 15

pragmatic function

Answer 15

communication system serves a useful purpose

Question 16

interchangeability

Answer 16

send and receive messages

Question 17

cultural transmission

Answer 17

a basic feature of language transmission through learning

Question 18

arbitrariness

Answer 18

property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form & its meaning

Question 19

linguistic sign

Answer 19

Sounds or gestures, typically morphemes in spoken languages and signs in sign languages, that have a form bound to meaning in a single unit

Question 20

convention

Answer 20

Behavior that is considered acceptable or polite to most members of society.

Question 21

nonarbitrariness

Answer 21

Direct correspondence between the physical properties of a form and the meaning that the form refers to.

Question 22

iconic

Answer 22

-visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.

Question 23

onomatopoeia

Answer 23

the formation of a word, as cuckoo or boom, by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent.

Question 24

conventionalized

Answer 24

Something that is established, commonly agreed upon, or operating in a certain way according to common practice.

Question 25

sound symbolism

Answer 25

The process by which the way a word sounds influences our assumptions about what it describes and attributes such a size.

Question 26

discreteness

Answer 26

language is composed of discrete units that are used in combination to create meaning

Question 27

displacement

Answer 27

the change in position of an object. the magnitude of an object’s displacement gives net distance traveled by the object

Question 28

productivity

Answer 28

is the amount of goods and service produced by workers in a certain amount of time

Question 29

modality

Answer 29

type of sensory stimulus

Question 30

myths about signed languages

Answer 30

• that they are simply manual codes for spoken languages
• that they have no morphology or phonology but are merely pantomime
• that there is one, universal sign languages used all over the world
• delays speech

Question 31

differences between codes and languages

Answer 31

• programming languages are artificial creations
• There are no synonyms
• programming languages don’t really have the morphology ( at least the same as languages do)
• mispronounced words

Question 32

evidence that writing and language are not the same

Answer 32

Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layout, colors and other graphical effects in their written texts. Such things are not available in speech

Speech can use timing, tone, volume, and timbre to add emotional context.
Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing, as are some kinds of vocabulary, such as some complex chemical and legal terms.

Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly in speech. These include slang expressions, and tags like y’know, like, etc.

Writing is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out.

Speech is usually transient unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along.

Written material can be read repeatedly and closely analyzed, and notes can be made on the writing surface. Only recorded speech can be used in this way.

Question 33

The Speech Chain

Answer 33

The Speech Chain is a simple model of spoken communication that highlights the transformation of an intention in the mind of the speaker to an understanding of that intention in the mind of the listener through processes that involve the Grammatical Code, the Phonological Code, articulation, sound, hearing and perception.