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Biology :D > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic cells make up

A

Unicellular and colonial organisms

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells make up:

A

Unicellular, colonial and multicellualr

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3
Q

Colonial organisms

A

Individual unicellular organisms living in contact with one another.
No cell specialisation.
Example: volvox, coral

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4
Q

Note: look at table of unicellular, colonial and multicellular

A

Pls do it

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5
Q

Colonial organisms case study

A

Volvox
Composed of 500 - 500 000 cells in a hollow sphere arrangement. A type of algae that lives in a variety of freshwater habitats.

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6
Q

Unicellular Table:

A 
Single celled 
Consistent number and type of organelles within cells 
Division of labour = low efficiency 
Cell body is exposed on all sides 
Restricted due to SA vol ratio 
Excellent capacity to regenerate 
Relatively short lifespan 
Same role for itself and the organism
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7
Q

Colonial table:

A

Numerous single cells
Consistent number and type of organelles within the cells of the colony
Low efficiency
Intermediate division of labour (dependent on location)
Unicellular restriction but colony can be large
Excellent capacity to regenerate
Relative short lifespan
Same role for itself and the organism

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8
Q

Multicellular table

A

Numerous cells
Variation in number and type of organelles dependent on specialisation
Division of labour: cellular, tissue, organ or system level, therefore high efficiency
Only outer cells are specialised to face the environment
Can gain large size due to specialisation
Capacity to regenerate is lost with increasing specialisation
Relatively long life span

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9
Q

Notable organelles between unicellular, colonial and multicellular organisms

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • golgibody
  • rough endoplasmic retiuculum
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10
Q

organelle arrangement (UC, C, MC)

A

Unicellular and Colonial:
consistent number and type of organelles within the cell. Organelles varies on whether its an animal or plant.

MC:
variation in number and type of organelles (dependent on cell specialisation).

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11
Q

similarities of Unicellular, colonial and multicellular organisms

A

Needs energy and nutrients to survive and grow
Carries out MRS GREN
uses genetic material in order to build proteins on cellular ribosomes

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12
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of unicellular organisms

A

Independent cell and therefore does not rely on other cells to function.

Limited by its function and size.

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13
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of multicellular organisms

A

Capable of becoming more sophisticated and larger.

Relies on other specialised cells to function

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14
Q

Red blood cells structure and function

A

Structure: do not contain a nucleus and contain very few organelles (increases volume of haemoglobin for transport)
Function: transport of oxygen and nutrients

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15
Q

Neuron structure and function

A

Function: continually transmits electrochemical signals throughout the body
Structure: large number of mitochondria

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16
Q

Hepatic (liver) cell structure and function

A

Function: produced bile and large numbers of proteins
Structure: increased number of RER and ribosomes to produce proteins

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17
Q

Hierarchy

A

cells, tissues, organ, organ system

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18
Q

Define cell differentiation

A

The process in which cells become specialised in order to perform different functions. Occurs in response to specific triggers from the body / cell.

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19
Q

Example of hierarchy in the digestive system.

A

Digestive System: highly folded structures across all of the organs that increases the surface area and efficiency
Stomach: consists of three layers of muscle tissues. Nervous tissue collects stimuli and processes to the brain, other tissue produces mucus to protect stomach lining, smooth muscle tissue allows for peristalsis

Epithelial tissue: goblet cells excrete mucus, villi increase surface are a

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20
Q

Tissue: definitions and examples

A

A collection of cells in an organism that have a similar structure and common function.
Animals: epithelial, nerve, connective, muscle, vascular
Plant: dermal, ground, vascular

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21
Q

Organ: definition and examples

A

A group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions.
Animal: heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, intestines, skin
Plant: roots, stems, leaves, flowers

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22
Q

Organ system: definition and examples

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task.
Animals: circulatory, digestive, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, excretory
Plants:
shoot system and root system

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23
Q

Epithelium tissues (animal)

A

Goblet cells: make mucus to trap dirt - have increased mitochondria and ribosomes

Ciliated epithelial cells: act as a brush to sweep trapped substances and mucus - increased mitochondria for constant motion

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24
Q

Reproductive tissue

A

Sperm: pointed head contains genetic information and an enzyme that enables it to penetrate the egg cell membrane. mid section contains mitochondria

Egg: jelly shell to protect it and also attract the sperm

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25
Q

Leaf tissue

A

Guard cell: two guard cells pair and connect at the ends, swelling to open the gap to allow gas exchange and shrinking to minimise transpiration. strong cell wall so they don’t burst.

Palisade cell: large, contain increased numbers of chlorplasts

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26
Q

Blood tissue

A

White blood cells: large globular shape with mitochondria

Red: no nucleus, disc shape, thin, flexible

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27
Q

Root tissue

A

Root hair cell: large surface area due to vili, large number of mitochondria for active transport

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28
Q

Connective tissue

A 
aidpose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
loose connctive tissue
29
Q

nervous tissue

A

nerve cells / neurons

neuroglia

30
Q

muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

31
Q

justification of the hierarchy

A

as volume increases, the passive processes of diffusion and osmosis are insufficient

32
Q

autotroph

A

capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances

33
Q

heterotroph

A

An organism that cannot produce its own food (organic) through photosynthesis and instead obtains its nutrition and energy through consuming other living (or dead) organisms.
E.g. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers and decomposers

34
Q

Diffusion:

A

passive movement of particles along a concentration gradient (from high to low)

35
Q

Cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbond dioxide + water + ATP

36
Q

photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

37
Q

Alveoli

A

CO2 waste product diffuses into alveoli from high to a low concentration across thin capillary walls
Oxygen from the lungs diffuses into the capillaries

Lumpy shape + many alveoli increases surface are a

38
Q

Large surface area, gas exchange

A

Person:
lungs branch into 700 million alveoli to increase SA (lumpy shape also)

Fish:
rows of filaments attached to gill arches + lamellae protrusions

Insect:
body covered in spiracles

Amphibians:
skin absorbs oxygen, lungs also

39
Q

Moist, thin surface

A

Person:
Alveoli is lined by simple squamous epithelium (1 cell thick) and mucus is secreted

Fish:
Thin moist walls on filaments to increase diffusion efficiency + walls are moist due to consistent water flow

40
Q

Close in proximity to efficient transport system

A

Person:
alveoli are surrounded by capillaries

Fish: counter current flow + capillaries in the lamellae

41
Q

Maintaining the concentration gradient

A

Person
The air in the lungs has a higher concentration of oxygen than that of oxygen-depleted blood and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide.

Fish:
Transport system within lamellae maintains concentration gradient + the counter current flow

42
Q

Open system heart

A

Haemolymph is pumped from tubular elongated heart into shorter vessels. Haemolymph enters cavities called sinuses before draining back.

Requires less energy for distribution, better suited to animals with a slower metabolism and smaller body

43
Q

Close heart

A

Heart is connected to closed blood vessels through which the blood is pumped. Arteries are large blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from heart. Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. Capillaries form a link, branching through the body tissues.

Operates with higher blood pressure (efficient) uses less blood. Oxygenated blood may reach body parts faster allowing them to digest and eliminate waste rapidly.

44
Q

Close heart function

A
  1. Inhalation = gas exchange
  2. Capillaries feed O2 blood into the pulmonary veins
  3. O2 blood flows from LA into LV and is pumped out of the aorta
  4. O2 and nutrients is delivered to the cells of the body and CO2 waste is picked up
  5. Deoxygenated blood travels back to the heart via vena cava and enters the heart through the right atria
  6. Deoxygenated blood flows from right atria to ventricle and is pumped out of the pulmonary artery (from heart to lungs)
45
Q

Phloem

A

transports sugars from leaves

multidirectional movement

thin walled, contain sieve plates and companion cells

living tissue, located on the outer side of the vascular bundle

sieve cells form physical route, elongated, perforated sieve plates, limited cytoplasm and organelles to provide less resistance

companion cells: contain lots of mitochondria to provide ATP

theory: translocation (source sink model)

46
Q

Xylem

A

transports water and dissolved minerals

unidirectional

thick lignin walls

dead tissue, centre of vascular bundle

theory: transpiration-cohesion-tension theory

47
Q

Translocation theory

A
  1. Active transport of sugars from photosynthetic cells into phloem
  2. Osmosis of water from xylem into phloem
  3. Flow of sugar in all directions around plant
  4. Active transport of sugars into non-photosynthetic cells
48
Q

Transpiration-cohesion-tension-theory

A

Cohesion = bonding between like substance
Tension: bonding between different substances

  1. Water moves into the roots through osmosis
  2. Water evaporates from the plant via transpiration
  3. As a result of cohesive forces and tension, water molecules are drawn up the xylem
49
Q

Digestion definition

A

food is broken into smaller pieces and then simple chemical compounds that are easily absorbed and used as nutrients

Physical: smaller pieces to increase surface area ratio

Chemical: breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules

50
Q

Mouth

A

Physical

  • Food is torn and chewed
  • Food is mixed with saliva (shaped into a bolus)

Chemical
- Amylase in saliva breaks down carbohydrates into maltose

51
Q

Oesophagus

A
  • Soft walled, muscle ringed tube leading to stomach
  • Epiglottis closes (prevents aspiration)
  • Muscular contractions (peristalsis)
52
Q

Small intestine (duodenum)

A

Physical: peristalsis in the small intestine mixes chyme with pancreatic juices (amulase, trypsin, lipase, bile)

  • Villi structure increases surface area
  • Bile emulsifies fat into smaller pieces
  • Duodenum: receives chyme from stomach, active in chemical digestion due to the mix of enzymes from the stomach, liver, gall bladder and pancreas
53
Q

Small Intestine (jejunum)

A
  • Jejunum: absorbs nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, sugars, fatty acid particles, vitamins and minerals)  villi of the jejunum are longer due to absorption
54
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Ileum: absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and other water soluble vitamins, bile salts and nutrients  secretes protease and carbohydrate enzymes, muscular contractions prevent back flow
55
Q

Large intestine

A
  • Water absorption occurs here, faeces are formed, salt is absorbed, gases build up because of healthy bacteria
  • Absorption of electrolytes
  • Ascending (up), transcending (across), descending (down)
  • Bacterial digestion helps produce vitamins
56
Q

Nutrients

A

Nutrients: substance an organism must obtain from the environment / dietary source since it is unable to synthesise it (minerals, vitamins and essential amino acids)

57
Q

Minerals

A

Minerals: naturally occurring inorganic (does not contain carbon and hydrogen joined together with other elements – oxygen /nitrogen) nutrients that have a biochemical function (water, iron, sodium, calcium)

58
Q

Vitamin

A

Vitamin: a low molecular weight organic compound that is essential for normal growth and metabolic processes (vitamin C, D)

59
Q

Similarities between autotrophs and heterotrophs

A
  • All organisms are made of four biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
  • These macromolecules are made of six elements (CHONPS)
    Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur
  • All organisms require a range of other minerals:
    Calcium (bones, shells, cell wall)
    Iron (chlorophyll and DNA production, oxygen transport)
    Magnesium (ATP activation)
    Potassium (stomate control, nerve impulse, ATP)
  • Relies upon water
60
Q

Comparison of open and closed systems: common functions

A
  1. Transport oxygen necessary for cellular respiration (less significant in open circulatory system)
  2. Transport nutrients from digested food
  3. Transport waste products of cellular metabolism
    Transport immune cells which can fight infection
61
Q

adv and disadv of closed

A

+
More efficient at delivering oxygen and removing waste.
More power due to pressure created by heart and enclosed vessels.
Independent lymphatic system.

-
Requires more energy for blood distribution. More complex system.

62
Q

adv and disadv of open

A

+
Requires less energy for blood distribution.
Simple system.
-
Less efficient at delivering oxygen and removing waste. Less power due to less pressure.

63
Q

vessels - artery

A

Carries blood away from the heart (high pressure)

Thick walled (due to high pressure)

Smaller lumens than veins (to help maintain pressure), are more rounded

No valve

Systemic arteries: transports oxygenated blood to body
Pulmonary: carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

64
Q

vessels - vein

A

Carries blood towards the heart (low pressure)
Thin walls / muscular surrounding (lower pressure)
Larger lumens due to thinner walls – allows more blood flow under lower pressure
Prevents backflow with muscle compressions and a valve
Systemic veins: deoxygenated blood to heart (RA)
Pulmonary: carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

65
Q

Vessels - capillary

A

Penetrates body tissue, carries blood to tissue (low pressure)
Extremely thin walled (one cell) to penetrate tissue
Smallest lumen but relatively large (to their size)  greatest surface area to volume ratio
No valve

66
Q

change of blood as it goes through the: heart

A

Decrease: oxygen and glucose
Increase: carbon dioxide and urea

67
Q

change of blood as it goes through the: brain

A

Decrease: oxygen and glucose
Increase: carbon dioxide and urea

68
Q

change of blood as it goes through the: lungs

A

Decrease: glucose, carbon dioxide
Increase: oxygen and urea

69
Q

change of blood as it goes through the: kidney

A

Decrease: urea, glucose, oxygen
Increase: carbon dioxide

Biology :D (4 decks)

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