Module 2 Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells make up
Unicellular and colonial organisms
Eukaryotic cells make up:
Unicellular, colonial and multicellualr
Colonial organisms
Individual unicellular organisms living in contact with one another.
No cell specialisation.
Example: volvox, coral
Note: look at table of unicellular, colonial and multicellular
Pls do it
Colonial organisms case study
Volvox
Composed of 500 - 500 000 cells in a hollow sphere arrangement. A type of algae that lives in a variety of freshwater habitats.
Unicellular Table:
Single celled Consistent number and type of organelles within cells Division of labour = low efficiency Cell body is exposed on all sides Restricted due to SA vol ratio Excellent capacity to regenerate Relatively short lifespan Same role for itself and the organism
Colonial table:
Numerous single cells
Consistent number and type of organelles within the cells of the colony
Low efficiency
Intermediate division of labour (dependent on location)
Unicellular restriction but colony can be large
Excellent capacity to regenerate
Relative short lifespan
Same role for itself and the organism
Multicellular table
Numerous cells
Variation in number and type of organelles dependent on specialisation
Division of labour: cellular, tissue, organ or system level, therefore high efficiency
Only outer cells are specialised to face the environment
Can gain large size due to specialisation
Capacity to regenerate is lost with increasing specialisation
Relatively long life span
Notable organelles between unicellular, colonial and multicellular organisms
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts
- golgibody
- rough endoplasmic retiuculum
organelle arrangement (UC, C, MC)
Unicellular and Colonial:
consistent number and type of organelles within the cell. Organelles varies on whether its an animal or plant.
MC:
variation in number and type of organelles (dependent on cell specialisation).
similarities of Unicellular, colonial and multicellular organisms
Needs energy and nutrients to survive and grow
Carries out MRS GREN
uses genetic material in order to build proteins on cellular ribosomes
Advantages and disadvantages of unicellular organisms
Independent cell and therefore does not rely on other cells to function.
Limited by its function and size.
Advantages and disadvantages of multicellular organisms
Capable of becoming more sophisticated and larger.
Relies on other specialised cells to function
Red blood cells structure and function
Structure: do not contain a nucleus and contain very few organelles (increases volume of haemoglobin for transport)
Function: transport of oxygen and nutrients
Neuron structure and function
Function: continually transmits electrochemical signals throughout the body
Structure: large number of mitochondria
Hepatic (liver) cell structure and function
Function: produced bile and large numbers of proteins
Structure: increased number of RER and ribosomes to produce proteins
Hierarchy
cells, tissues, organ, organ system
Define cell differentiation
The process in which cells become specialised in order to perform different functions. Occurs in response to specific triggers from the body / cell.
Example of hierarchy in the digestive system.
Digestive System: highly folded structures across all of the organs that increases the surface area and efficiency
Stomach: consists of three layers of muscle tissues. Nervous tissue collects stimuli and processes to the brain, other tissue produces mucus to protect stomach lining, smooth muscle tissue allows for peristalsis
Epithelial tissue: goblet cells excrete mucus, villi increase surface are a
Tissue: definitions and examples
A collection of cells in an organism that have a similar structure and common function.
Animals: epithelial, nerve, connective, muscle, vascular
Plant: dermal, ground, vascular
Organ: definition and examples
A group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions.
Animal: heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, intestines, skin
Plant: roots, stems, leaves, flowers
Organ system: definition and examples
A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task.
Animals: circulatory, digestive, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, excretory
Plants:
shoot system and root system
Epithelium tissues (animal)
Goblet cells: make mucus to trap dirt - have increased mitochondria and ribosomes
Ciliated epithelial cells: act as a brush to sweep trapped substances and mucus - increased mitochondria for constant motion
Reproductive tissue
Sperm: pointed head contains genetic information and an enzyme that enables it to penetrate the egg cell membrane. mid section contains mitochondria
Egg: jelly shell to protect it and also attract the sperm
