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Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What mnemonics can help us establish reasonable grounds?

A

P - paint the scene, what has happened, what you know
O - observe, what seen?
S - smell, what can you smell?
H - hear, what have you heard?

Also:
S - seen
H - heard
A - actions
C - conversations
K - knowledge
S - smell
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2
Q

Define reasonable grounds for suspicion

A

Reasonable grounds for suspicion depend on the circumstance in each case.
There must be an objective basis for that suspicion,
based on facts, information and/or intelligence,
which are relevant to the likelihood of finding an article of a certain kind.

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3
Q

‘Grounds to believe’ must be…?

A
  • More substantial than suspicion

- Able to justify where belief comes from

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4
Q

What Disposal Options are there on the street?

A
  • Arrest
  • Summons
  • Fixed Penalty Notice (FPN) or Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND)
  • Caution
  • Restorative Justice
  • Persuade, Advise, Warn (P.A.W)
  • No Further Action (NFA)
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5
Q

When using force, what must we consider?

A

Is it P.L.A.N.E ?

  • Proportionate
  • Legal
  • Accountable
  • Necessary
  • Ethical
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6
Q

What specific section of legislation gives the police power to use force?

A

Section 117 - Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984

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7
Q

Apart from PACE 1984, what other legislation can police use in reference to use of force?

A

Section 3 - Criminal Law Act 1967
Common Law
Section 76 - Criminal Justice Immigration Act 2008
(NOTE: these are any person powers)

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8
Q

Common Law use of force (self defence) states:

A

If you have an honestly held belief that you or another are in imminent danger, you may use such force as is reasonable and necessary to avert such danger.
(Beckford v Queen 1988)

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9
Q

Section 3 - Criminal Law Act 1967 states:

A

A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention of crime, or in the effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or persons unlawfully at large.

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10
Q

Section 117 - Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984 states:

A

…The officer may use reasonable force if necessary in the exercise of the power. This allows police officers, where necessary, to use reasonable force to exercise their powers under PACE.

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11
Q

Use of Force - Tactical options (methods/behaviour)

A
  • Communication (LEAPS model)
  • OST (contact & cover)
  • Stance
  • Body language
  • Danger signals
  • Dynamic risk assessment
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12
Q

Use of Force - Tactical options (equipment)

A
  • Radio
  • Open hand
  • Cuffs
  • Baton
  • Spray
  • Taser
  • Firearms
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13
Q

Where do you record ‘use of force’?

A
  • Pocket Note Book (PNB)
  • Evidence and Actions Book (EAB)
  • MG11
  • Met ‘use of force’ form
  • Inform supervisor
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14
Q

Section 117 PACE 1984 allows police officers to use force for what reasons?

A
  • Sec 1 PACE - Stop & Search
  • Sec 16 PACE - executing a warrant
  • Sec 17 PACE - Powers of entry
  • Sec 18 PACE - search (certain) premises after arrest
  • Sec 19 PACE - lawfully on premises, seizure
  • Sec 24 PACE - Code G arrests
  • Sec 32 PACE - searching a person or place (in or was in before arrest) after arrest
  • Sec 54 PACE - searching a person after arrest at a police station
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15
Q

What is the National Intelligence Model (NIM)?

A

The NIM is a model used by senior managers to help them formulate strategic direction by assisting them to make tactical resourcing decisions and manage risk, although every member of staff has a role to play in making the NIM work.

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16
Q

How many levels of NIM are there? and what are they?

A

3 levels of NIM

  • National
  • Service
  • Local
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17
Q

What are the benefits of NIM?

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A
  • greater consistency across UK policing
  • operational strategy to focus on key priorities
  • focus on priority problems targeting most active offenders
  • greeter compliance with human rights and RIPA 2000
  • informs management of risk
  • informed business planning
  • better direction of briefing patrols
  • reduced rate of persistent offenders
  • integration with partner agencies
18
Q

What are the 3 constituent parts of NIM

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A
  • Key assets
  • Intelligence assets
  • Tasking process
19
Q

What is the 5 x 5 x 5 system?

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A

It is an evaluation process used to grade information sources and the content of that information.
Information sources are graded A - E, A being always reliable, down to E, untested source.
Content of the information is graded 1 - 5, 1 is known to be true without reservation, down to 5, suspected false information.
The final 5 in the process in used by the intelligence unit to evaluate the officers report.

20
Q

How do we grade information sources?

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A

Information sources are graded from A to E:

A - always reliable
B - mostly reliable 
C - sometimes reliable
D - unreliable
E - untested source
21
Q

How do we grade information content?

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A

Information content is graded from 1 to 5:

1 - known to be true without reservation
2 - information is known personally by source but not to the person reporting
3 - information is not known personally to source but can be corroborated by other information
4 - information cannot be judged
5 - suspected false information

22
Q

How do we ensure information meets data quality standards?

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A

By making sure that information is AART:

A - Accurate
A - Adequate
R - Relevant
T - Timely

23
Q

What is information?

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A

All data obtained and recorded for a policing purpose

24
Q

What is intelligence?

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A

Intelligence is information that is subject to a defined evaluation and risk assessment process in order to assist with police decision making

25
How do we ethically gather information & intelligence?
- Talking to the public whilst on patrols - At organised community meetings and events - Surgeries and road shows - Street briefings - Talking to victims, witnesses, even suspects and informants (Covert Human Intelligence Source CHIS)
26
Benefits of sharing information?
- Enables links to be made between people, objects, locations and events etc - It is a two-way process, with information flowing to and from the police, improving public service - Increased openness among partner agencies builds confidence and trust in the police service - It allows police and partners to make better informed decisions on how to best protect the public - Increased confidence of officers and staff to lawfully share information. Increased expertises and professionalism
27
How is information sharing lawfully achieved?
Statutory Obligation: - a specific legal obligation or requirement to disclose police information to another party. (e.g. Sec 17 Crime & Disorder Act 1998) Statutory Power: - a specific legal power, but not an obligation, to share police information with another party. (e.g. Freedom of Information Act 2000) Common Law: Although now mostly replaced by statutes, information shared would still be allowed for the prevention of crime
28
What related legislation and guidelines cover the gathering and recording of information?
- Data Protection Act 1998 - Freedom of Information Act 2000 - Crime & Disorder Act 1998 - Human Rights Act 1998 - Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 - Common Law - Management of Police Information (MoPI) - Government Protective Marking Scheme (GPMS)
29
What are the 10 Principles of Crime Prevention
``` 1 - Target hardening 2 - Target removal 3 - Remove the means to commit 4 - Reducing the pay off 5 - Access control 6 - Visible surveillance 7 - Environmental design 8 - Rule setting 9 - Increasing the chances of being caught 10 - Deflecting offenders ```
30
What models assist with EBP problem solving approach to crime and disorder?
``` A - Ask T - Test L - Learn A - Adapt S - Share ``` S - Scan A - Analyse R - Respond A - Assess
31
What is the reassurance gap?
It is the disparity between the fall in volume crime and the fear and perception of crime going up.
32
What are the elements of SMART?
``` Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time bound ```
33
What is a signal crime?
Any criminal incident that causes a change in the public's belief or behaviour about their own safety.
34
Responsible authorities in relation to neighbourhood policing?
- OCU commander - Crime commissioner - Fire authority - Primary care trust (NHS) - Local authority - National Offenders Management Service (NOMS)
35
What is a useful mnemonic for effective communication in neighbourhood policing?
L - listen to the community and take concerns seriously I - inspire confidence and help them feel secure S - support them with information and tell them what is happening T - take ownership of local problems and deliver on promises made E - explain what you can and cannot do, don't make promises you can't keep N - Notify the community of progress regularly and final outcomes
36
What are the parts of the Crime Triangle?
Victim, Offender, Location
37
What sources could be used when researching an EBP plan?
- Community - Surveys - Force records - Intelligence reports - Other incident reports - Other force records - Colleagues - POLKA - VISOR - PNC - PND - HMIC website - Home Office website - Social Media - Internet
38
What partners do we have in relation to EBP?
- Local Authority - Health Service - Fire Service - Social Services - NOMS - Housing Association - Charities - VSS - Community - Schools & other educational establishments - Industry - Retailers
39
Why is it important to share outcomes?
- Ensure best practice is available to others - Help decisions with partners if an extension of the process would be appropriate - Help prioritise deployment of police and partner resources. (NIM) - Results can be used in research for future processes
40
How would you plan the implementation of an EBP project?
1 - Identify, define and understand the problem 2 - Develop ideas and set your baseline 3 - Plan / Develop a time line and set SMART aims 4 - Implement plan and assess process 5 - Evaluate the results
41
What are the danger of not dealing with ASB in relation to neighbourhood policing?
- Loss of trust and confidence - Reduced intelligence - Fortress mentality - Discipline - Rise in crime - Spiral of decline - Public disorder - Civil litigation
42
Why is it important to monitor an EBP plan?
- may need to amend / change during the time frame to improve - may need to extend the time frame - if not monitored it may run out of momentum - it may need to be stopped or changed if it causing other issues - it will allow for the movement of resources

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