Module 2 Flashcards
Most theorists agree that ___ and ___ are key factors that shape child development outcomes
Biology and experience
Attachment theory is rooted in whose work?
Bowlby and Ainsworth
___ ___ is a process whereby an infant learns to manage stressful situations through interactions with their caregivers, which eventually help the infant to self-sooth.
Emotional regulation.
By 7-9 months, the preference for familiar caregivers and protests around separation emerge and is referred to as
Separation anxiety
What is the name for the behaviour that emerges during toddlerhood that describes a child’s willingness to venture away from the caregiver?
Secure base behaviour
Securely attached children are described as…..
Autonomous, socially confident, flexible in problem solving and affectionate.
What is the name of the cognitive stage in which children learn to coordinate and repeat actions, understand symbols and object permanence?
Sensorimotor (0 - 24 months)
What happens in the Preoperational period?
Language, pretend play, but still egocentric
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
The ideal level of adult/older child support or assistance that a child needs to learn a new skill
What is the term for the adjustment one must make, with supports, in order to enhance a child’s independence and confidence in learning new skills
Scaffolding
What is the name for ‘the science devoted to understanding and improving human behaviour’
Applied Behaviour Analysis
What are the four styles of parenting?
Authoritarian - highly demanding, not responsive, strict, parents value obedience and order
Permissive - low demands, highly responsive, nurturing and communicative
Authoritative - moderately demanding and response, set and reinforce limits, forgiving
Uninvolved - few demands, low responsiveness and little communication
What are the five systems that influence development according to Bronfenbrenner?
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem.
What are the strengths of the first five stages of Erikson’s model
Fidelity Competence Purpose Will Hope
What are the stages and ages of Piaget’s theory?
Sensorimotor 0-2 years
Preoperational 2-7 years
Concrete operational 7-11 years
Formal operations 11 + years
What are the processes of assimilation and accomodation
Assimilation - application of what the child knows to reality
Accomodation - advancement of cognitive organisation
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
A range of neurodevelopmental disorders that are characterised by poor social communication and interactions, combined with restricted and repetitive behaviours.
What are the risk factors for ASD?
Gender (boys), pre and post natal events (bleeding, hormones during pregnancy), hypoxia at birth.
What did the study by Xiao et al (2014) find in relation to 2-3 olds with ASD?
Children with ASD had more gray matter and white matter volumes, particularly in the corpus callosum (emotion) and cingulate cortex (empathetic cognition)
What is the concordance rate for ASD in monozygotic twins?
Anywhere between 60 to 90%
What are the diagnostic features associated with autism
Learning and memory deficits, non-verbal intelligence, language impairment, motor deficits, hypo/hyper sensitivities
What do Semrud-Clikeman and Ellison (2009) say about a comprehensive assessment of ASD?
It should include the following domains -
- communication
- executive functioning
- memory
- attention
According to the APA (2013) ___ of people with ASD have one comorbid mental disorder and ___ have one or two comorbid conditions
70% and 40%
What is the rate of comorbidity of ASD and ADHD?
Estimated to range from 30 to 80%
What is the rate of comorbid anxiety in children with ASD?
25 to 50%
Smith (2010) concluded the most positive gains in children with ASD occur when they experience what?
20 to 40 hours of intensive behavioural treatment.
What is a social script and how is it used in social skills training?
Involves thinking about a particular sentence or two that a child can use in social situations, e.g. greeting their teacher in the morning.
What are some techniques used in social skills training in children with AS?D?
Social script, role plays, social stories, relaxation training
What are the three subtypes of ADHD?
ADHD predominantly inattentive, ADHD predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, ADHD combined presentation
What was the finding of the Young Minds Matter survey in relation to ADHD?
ADHD is the most prevalent mental health issue facing young Australians, affecting approximately 7.4% of the population.
What areas of the brain have been identified as atypical in children with ADHD?
Frontal lobes, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia and catecholamine neurotransmitters
What are the three core components of ADHD?
Inattention - failure to stay on task, lack of persistence, disorganisation
Hyperactivity - excessive inappropriate movement, fidgeting, tapping or talking
Impulsivity - hasty actions occurring without forethought which may have the potential for harm
What is the rate of heritability with ADHD?
70-80%
What are the four main therapies for ADHD?
a) psychological and psychosocial interventions
b) parent, family and child counselling
c) behaviour modification
d) remedial education and learning difficulties
According to USA National Institute of Mental Health, what percentage of lifetime cases of mental illness have their onset by age 14.
50%
According to the Young Minds Matter survey (2015), what are the most prevalent mental health conditions among young people?
ADHD (7.4%)
Anxiety Disorders (6.9%)
Major Depressive Disorder (2.8%)
Conduct Disorder (2.1%)
What socioeconomic variables increase the risk of developing depression in young people?
Depression, lower levels of family income, education and employment, poor levels of family functioning, belonging to step or blended family.
What are the most effective treatments for depression in young people?
CBT and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), behavioural activation, cognitive restructuring and interpersonal skill development.
What are some barriers to seeking help in young people?
Not knowing where to get help, affordability, preference to get by without friends and family, appointment availability, transport.
What are the characteristics features of bullying?
The intent to harm, repetition over time, presence of a power differential.
According to Alan Kazdin, what are the characteristics of bullies?
Acting out, disruptive behaviours, headaches, bedwetting, negative attitude, failing grades, socially competent with high self esteem.
According to Alan Kazdin, what are some interventions that are NOT like to work for bullying
- Have the child stand up to the bully
- Just ignore it
- Let the parent take care of it
- Ask the teacher or school to take care of it
According to Alan Kazdin, what are some evidence-based interventions for bullying?
- Focus on school climate
- Focus on students as a group
- Multilevel intervention
- Systematic measurement
According to Alan Kazdin, what can parents do to support kids through bullying?
- Look for signs of bullying
- Foster better conversation/dialogue
- Quantity and quality time
- Avoid parent interrogation
- Supervise and limit computer time
- Engage in problem solving
What are the two main pathways via which anxiety is developed in children and adolescents?
- Cumulative risk - combination of pre-disposing factors which increase risk and exposure
- Precipitating events - where anxiety is a learning response
What are some common themes that emerged for parents of a child with a mental illness?
Stigma, helplessness, shame and responsibility and grief.
What percentage of Australian children live with atleast one or more parents that has a mental illness?
21 to 23%
