Module 2 Flashcards
(326 cards)
1
Q
a stress resistant personality pattern that involves the factors of commitment, control, and challenge
A
hardiness
2
Q
beliefs relating to our ability to deal effectively with a stressful stimulus or situation, including pain
A
coping self-efficacy
3
Q
people have a rosy glow of the future, expecting that in the long run, things will work out well
A
optimism
4
Q
problem unrecognized or unacknowledged
A
precontemplation
5
Q
recognition of problem; contemplating change
A
contemplation
6
Q
preparing to try to change behaviour
A
preparation
7
Q
implementing change strategies
A
action
8
Q
behaviour change is being maintained
A
maintenance
9
Q
permanent change; no maintenance efforts required
A
termination
10
Q
Which of the following statements regarding the differences between experimental and correlational research is true?
A
Experimental research is better suited for examining cause-effect relations than is correlational research
11
Q
What has the research shown regarding the effectiveness of the directed questions study method regarding the rentention of material?
A
The method is more effective than underlining the text as you read
12
Q
In experimental research, the researcher ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬________ the IV and the ¬¬_________ the dv.
A
..
13
Q
An educational psychologist wants to study the effectiveness of using the Internet as a way of taking academic classes. She designs a study in which one group of students is assigned to take a course in a standard classroom with a live instructor. Another group of students is assigned to take the same course over the Internet. The psychologist then compares the course grades for students in each of the two groups. In this case, the instruction group (regular class vs. Internet class) would be considered the:
A
IV
14
Q
The placebo effect refers to:
A
How people’s behaviour can change because of their expectations rather than the treatment they receive
15
Q
In an experiment, a(n) ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_________ is defined as a group that is not exposed to the treatment or that receives a zero-level of the IV.
A
Control group
16
Q
A researcher conducted a study relating the time parents spent with their children to their children’s happiness. From a correlational analysis of the data, the researcher concluded that happier children are a result of parents spending more time with them. The possibility that the parents spent more time with their children in response to the fact that their children were happier is an example of:
A
The bi-directionality problem in correlational research.
17
Q
Charley tells you that 17 out of the 30 students enrolled in his English class scored exactly 62 points on the last exam. Conceptually, this is the same as saying
A
the mode for that particular exam was 62 points
18
Q
While structuralists held that psychology should study the basic elements of consciousness, functionalists argued that psychology should concentrate on:
A
the functions, or “whys,” of consciousness
19
Q
A researcher conducting a study on the effectiveness of a new prescription medication gives the actual medication to a group of people. A second group of participants are told they are receiving the medication but instead are given an inert sugar pill. Though the drug is found to be effective for the people who actually took it, a sizeable percentage of the people given the sugar pill also improve. The improvement of this second group is most likely due to:
A
The placebo effect
20
Q
Which of the following psychologists would have been most likely to assert that “free will is an illusion”?
A
BF Skinner
21
Q
Research findings indicate that when changing answers on a multiple choice test, most people
A
Change a wrong answer to a right answer
22
Q
A correlational coefficient of zero describes a
A
Lack of relationships between two variables
23
Q
Experimenter expectancy effects are
A
..
24
Q
Which of the following statements regarding correlation coefficients are false (NOT TRUE)?
A
A correlation of .50 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of -.75
25
The plus or minus (+/-) on the correlation coefficient reflects
The direction of the association
26
A researcher is concerned that his expectations about the effectiveness of a new drug are influencing the reports of participants in his studies. Specifically, he believes that this new drug is effective and has shared this information with participants in his research. Now he is wondering if this might be affecting people. In order to better control the effect of his own expectations on participants, this researcher should:
use the double-blind procedure.
27
Who founded the first laboratory of experimental psychology in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
28
In Swarnjit's sociology discussion group 4 of the 5 students are between the ages of 19 and 23; the fifth student is 54 years old. If Swarnjit wants to report the statistic that best represents the "average" age for her discussion group, she should report either
the median or the mode, because these numbers will be more representative
29
The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called
clinical psychology
30
A psychologist who argues that the proper focus of psychology is not inner mental events but observable behaviour is most likely associated with which psychological perspective?
behavioural
31
‘History falls on your head like rocks' is a quote from the poet Robinson Jeffers and was used to express the idea that:
Modern psychology is in part a product of history
32
Lee calculated descriptive statistics for the age of residents in a nursing home. She reported the mean age as 75 years, with a standard deviation of 10 years. Later she found that she had made an error in her calculations. One resident's age was entered as 27 when it should have been 72. When this correction is made
the standard deviation for the data set will decrease
33
The _______________ psychological perspective focuses on the role of the external environment in influencing and effecting our actions.
behavioural
34
If you are a participant in an experimental study, the procedure that insures that you have an equal chance of being in any group or condition within the experiment is called:
random sampling
35
Which psychological perspective views perception, memory processes, and thoughts as among the major causal factors in behaviour?
cognitive
36
The three important principles of effective time management are
creating written schedules, prioritizing, monitoring progress
37
Structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology were all mentioned as playing important roles in the origin of which psychological perspective?
humanistic
38
The sociocultural and behavioural perspectives are similar in that both emphasize:
the role of the environment on the development of behaviour
39
According to the text, psychology is defined as the
scientific study of behaviour and its cause
40
Dr. White wants to look at the impact of failure on self-esteem. He designs an experiment where half of the participants are led to believe that they have failed on an ambiguous task, while the other half of the participants are told that they have succeeded. Dr. White then has the people in his study complete a questionnaire measuring self-esteem and he looks to see if there are any differences between the success and failure groups. In this example, self-esteem would be considered the:
DV
41
If we view an experiment as an attempt to establish a cause-effect relationship, the __________ variable would be the cause, and the __________ variable would be the effect.
independent, dependent
42
Generally, the minimum requirement for statistical significance is that there is less than __________ that the observed results are due to chance.
five changes in 100
43
Assume that there is a strong negative correlation between two variables: variable 1 and variable 2. If you know that a person's score on variable 1 is low, what would be your best prediction for the person's score on variable 2?
The person's score on variable 2 should be high
44
Sally wants to know what percentage of Canadian college students are receiving financial aid their first year in college. Sally attends a small two-year community college with a large percentage of students who commute to campus every day. Sally stands outside of the dining hall one weekday evening and hands out surveys to every third person entering the hall for dinner. Sally's data will be ___________ because ___________.
invalid; she did not use a representative sample
45
William James, who was a pioneer in the development of psychology, was most heavily influenced by which of the following individuals?
Charles Darwin
46
A psychologist notes that there is a correlation between physical health and the number of vacations that a person takes. People who take more vacations tend to have better physical health. The psychologist suggests that people should take more vacations to improve their physical health. After thinking about this result, you realize that this association may be due to a third factor: income. People with more income can afford more vacations and can afford better health care. Your explanation for this is most consistent with which limitation of correlational research?
the third variable problem
47
To the extent that a sample in a survey accurately reflects the important characteristics of the population from which it is drawn (e.g., the sample has 53 percent women and the population has 53 percent women), the sample is said to be a:
representative sample
48
Psychological perspectives on behaviour are:
view points for analyzing behaviour
49
Which psychological perspective stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from the past?
psychodynamic
50
The area of psychology concerned with how people adapt emotionally and socially to the work environment is
industrial/organizational psychology
51
The root of the word 'Clinical' is 'kline', which means
to be in bed
52
The root of the word 'Counsel' is 'consulere', which means
to advise
53
Bigos et al. (1992) found that psychological factors played the dominant role in determining who would file a Worker's Compensation claim for back pain. About 100 different variables were explored, most of which were medical in nature. Despite this, the only factors found to predict who would file a Worker's Compensation claim for back pain were:
..
54
White Coat Syndrome refers to
the increase in hypertension at the doctor’s office found in many people.
55
Which of the following is NOT included in environmental psychology:
study of vegetarians
56
The experimental study of eyewitness testimony is found in cognitive psychology. The applied area most likley to study eyewitness testimony is
forensic psychology
57
The results of the study of human reaction time is likely to be applied in
intelligence ?
58
Valerie has been working on a program to improve motivation in the employees at her company. Valerie will most likely have had her training in
industrial/organizational psychology
59
A person who is under constant stress has chronically high levels of stress hormones in her body. The fact that these elevated hormone levels may eventually damage her arteries is best considered as an example of how stress can impact health by changing:
physiology
60
There is a distinct physiological pattern that emerges when people are exposed to strong and prolonged stress. Hans Selye labelled this response pattern the:
GAS
61
According to psychologists, the personal conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to produce a desired action is technically called:
self-efficacy
62
According to your text, psychologists have defined stress in terms of:
....
63
Beliefs regarding challenge, commitment, and control were specifically mentioned as being central to the psychological construct of:
hardiness
64
Alison is a single mother with a full time job during the day and college classes at night. Having enough money to pay the bills each month has been a source of stress for Alison and right now there seems to be no end in sight to her financial difficulties. Lately, Alison has been getting more viruses, aches, and pains than usual. Selye's GAS suggests that she is in the ________________ phase.
exhaustion
65
By definition, people with ___________ tend to have positive views of the future and expect that things will work out well in the long run.
optimism
66
Factors that increase a person's susceptibility to stressful events are called:
vulnerability
67
In studies of "resilient" or "invulnerable" children, one factor that appeared to be common to all children who survived and thrived in very difficult situations was having:
at least one person who believed in them and provided social support.
68
During finals week, one of your friends comes up to you and says, “I’m so worked up this week. I’ve been so worried, tense, and strung out that I’ve really lost it!” Statements like these are most consistent with the definition of stress as a(n):
.....
69
Kelly enrolled in a foreign language course this term and is about to take the final oral examination for the course. Kelly is feeling worried about the examination and believes "If I don't get an 'A' on this exam it will show that I'm always going to be a complete failure at everything". Kelly's belief best represents:
..
70
Many stress management techniques work to reduce our general responses to stressors by working to modify ________.
..
71
Norm and Cliff have both recently been through relationship break ups. Norm decides to go to his favourite bar and talk with his friends about what's been happening. Cliff, on the other hand, decides to go home and meditate in order to deal with his negative feelings. Based on the information provided, we would say that Norm is involved in _____________, while Cliff is involved in ____________.
seeking social support; emotion-focused coping
72
Of the three factors that comprise the hardiness personality construct, research suggests that the construct of ___________ appears to be the strongest in terms of protecting people from the negative effects of stress.
control
73
People who are high in the personality trait of _____________ have a heightened tendency to experience negative emotions and to get themselves into stressful situations. This variable may explain in part why there is a positive correlation between negative life events and distress.
neuroticism
74
Poor coping skills and the lack of a social support network were both discussed as examples of ______________ that can _____________ a person's resistance to stress.
vulnerability factors; decrease
75
Research on the impact of religious beliefs have suggested that they have the most positive effects in helping people to deal with __________, but often function to increase the stress of people dealing with ___________.
illnesses; losses
76
Robert Baron and his colleagues (1990) conducted a study of people whose spouses were being treated for cancer. Those who rated themselves as having good social support responded to the injection of artificial antigens with more antibodies, demonstrating how strong social support appears to:
enhance immune system functioning
77
Stress researchers typically refer to the daily hassles that most people encounter, such as being stuck in traffic or having their computer crash, as:
....
78
The three stages of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are:
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
79
The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body to a state of arousal when we are faced with a stressful situation. However, it is the ______________ that releases the longer acting stress hormones into our system.
endocrine system
80
Hans Selye would most likely assert that many college students get sick at the end of the quarter or semester because:
they are in the exhaustion stage of his GAS model
81
Zach was working as an intern for an investment company. His office was in the World Trade Center in New York City and his first day on the job was September 11, 2001. Zach survived the terrorist attacks physically unharmed but is now experiencing flashbacks, digestive problems, and he can't seem to have successful personal relationships. Zach's current problems may be a result of:
catastrophic events
82
Technostress also has related effects such as
users take on too much work because they overestimate their increased productivity
83
The “three Cs” beliefs that constituted a stress-protective factor called hardiness are:
commitment, control, challenge
84
Michael has learned to deal with his previously problematic test anxiety by reminding himself of what he needs to focus on during tests and by reinforcing himself when he doesn’t get overly anxious during an exam. The things that Michael is doing are most similar to which stress management skill?
..
85
Which of the following is one of the main assumptions of the transtheoretical model
People often make repeated efforts to change before they are successful
86
Self-blame for a failure to adhere to a commitment and taking this failure as evidence for a lack of willpower or personal strength are most central to which of the following?
..
87
Which of the following is an approach to changing cultural attitudes about health-impairing behaviours that is based on Bandura’s social-cognitive theory?
"entertainment-education" radio dramas
88
Some of the characteristics that distinguish people who are in the ______________ stage of change are that they possess a beginning awareness of their problem behaviour but they are not yet ready to change it.
contemplation
89
The term ____________ refers to the rules that govern the organization of the surface structure of a language, whereas __________ are rules that determine how symbols are connected to what they represent.
'syntax'; semantics
90
The ___________ of a language refers to the ways that symbols are combined within that language, whereas ___________ refers to the underlying meaning of these combined symbols.
surface structure; deep structure
91
In ___________processing, individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception.
bottom-up
92
The process of _________ allows us to perceive where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends.
speech segmentation
93
Depending on the social context, “Do you have the time?” could mean “Are you busy right now?” or “What time is it?” The knowledge that helps you decide how to respond to this question is called:
..
94
English has many everyday expressions that are based on a conceptualization of love as a journey, and they are used not just for talking about love, but for reasoning about it as well. Which of the following statements is NOT a metaphor based on the concept 'love is a journey'?
..
95
Recognition of the kind of metaphor contained in the language we use should become part of the education of every person. The article in the module notes proposed 5 principles of such an education. Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 principles:
Encourage creativity by teaching students how to avoid using metaphors.
96
Your friend was raised in Hong Kong and speaks fluent Chinese. It might not be surprising that he was able to grasp many mathematical principles at an early age because of the symbolic nature of the Chinese language. This situation would be consistent with the:
linguistics relatively hypothesis
97
A mental representation of the way ice cream tastes is an example of _____, whereas the expression “I wish I had some ice cream right now” is an example of _____.
imaginal thought; propositional thought
98
The thought “I need to study for my psychology exam” enters your head. This thought is best considered as an example of:
a propositional
99
Many ____________ are difficult to describe in words, but we often can define them using _____________, which are typical and familiar members of a particular class.
concepts; prototypes
100
Deductive reasoning is considered to be a stronger and more valid form of reasoning than inductive reasoning because:
if the premise are true, the conclusion cannot be false
101
“All creatures that can swim are fish. People can swim. Therefore people are fish.” This syllogism is _____ correct and _____ incorrect.
logically; factually
102
The Crow and the Trains problem discussed in the text asked you to determine the total distance a crow would fly while flying back and forth between two converging trains. If you initially conceptualized it as a __________ problem, it was very difficult to solve; but if instead you framed the problem in terms of _________, it was relatively easy to arrive at the solution.
..
103
When using ____________ to solve a problem, we identify differences between the present situation and the desired goal state and then make changes to reduce these differences.
means-ends analysis
104
After hearing a lecture on abnormal psychology, John became convinced that he had a particular personality disorder. For the rest of the week, John focused on and remembered every aspect of his behaviour that was consistent with the symptom of the personality disorder he identified and he ignored all his other “normal” behaviours. John’s behaviour is most relevant to which of the following concepts?
confirmation bias
105
The flaw in this syllogism represents which type of error in incorrectly inferring causation from correlation?
The more firemen fighting a fire, the bigger the fire is observed to be.
Therefore firemen cause fire.
..
106
The flaw in this syllogism represents which type of error in incorrectly inferring causation from correlation?
Young children who sleep with the light on are much more likely to develop myopia in later life.
Therefore, sleeping with the light on causes myopia.
the third variable problem
107
You can readily use language to do things such as describe the features of a person who is not currently present. This use of language best illustrates the linguistic feature of _____________ and more generally demonstrates how language is symbolic.
..
108
The fact that language is ___________ specifically means that it can be used to create an infinite number of messages that can have novel or new meanings.
..
109
The smallest unit of sound that can be distinctly recognized in a language is known as a:
phoneme
110
A 'morpheme' is the smallest unit of _____________ in a language.
meaning
111
The fact that children in all cultures are able to master the rules of language relatively early in life without formal instruction was discussed as evidence indicating that:
language acquisition may have a biological basis
112
Prior to 6 months of age, infants around the world are able to differentiate _______________, but at about 6 months of age they begin differentiating _____________.
The phonemes of different languages sound distinct to infants less than 6 months of age, but as the infant grows and their brain develops, they become less able to distinguish phonemes of nonnative languages and more responsive to their native language.
113
While at the park, 19-month-old Suzy points to the swing set and says, "Push swing!" After she has had enough and wants to leave, she turns to her father and says, "Go car." Utterances such as these are called:
telegraphic speech
114
Which of the following was mentioned as evidence disputing the position that animals exhibit true language?
combined symbols into longer
sequences, he was either imitating his trainer’s previous signs or
“running on” with his hands until he got what he wanted.
115
Evidence in support of apes' language abilities is strongest in terms of the __________ criterion of language.
symbolic
116
Sharon and her boyfriend disagree about the use of gender-neutral language. Her boyfriend thinks she is making a “big deal” over nothing when Sharon insists that “mankind” should be changed to “humankind.” According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis:
Sharon is right as language has been shown to influence how we think
117
Eleanor Rosch (1973) studied the Dani people from New Guinea who had only two words for colour: one for bright colours and one for dark colours. Her results revealed that the Dani were capable of distinguishing the difference between _______________ colours, providing evidence that ___________ the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
a wide assortment of; contradicted
118
The text discusses a problem in which you have a drawer that contains 19 black socks and 13 blue socks and you are asked to determine the minimum number of socks that you must take from the drawer to insure that you have a matching pair. Most people have difficulty determining the answer (which is 3 socks) because:
they are distracted by irrelevant information
119
The term "belief bias" specifically refers to our tendency to:
they are distracted by irrelevant information
120
The term "belief bias" specifically refers to our tendency to:
abandon logic in favour of our already held personal ideas
121
_____________ are general problem-solving strategies that often involve short-cuts and may or may not generate the correct answer.
heuristics
122
One of the primary advantages of using a(n) _____________ to solve a problem is that if you use it correctly, it will always generate the correct answer.
algorithm
123
Stan and Samantha are the proud parents of three little girls. They decide to have one more child because it seems like they are “due” to have a boy. Stan and Samantha think that most families have both boys and girls therefore they figure the probability the next child will be a boy is high. Stan and Samantha:
have confused representativeness with probability
124
According to the availability heuristic, we often base our probability decisions on:
how easy it is for us to call something up from memory
125
Which happens more frequently: death by drowning or death by fire? People typically believe that fires cause more deaths, but statistics reveal that drowning actually causes significantly more deaths than fire. Some researchers argue that we make this error because TV news programs show much more footage of fires than drowning, because fires are more exciting to televise. This presumably makes it much easier for us to call up examples of death by fire. This particular finding is best considered as an example of a judgment error caused by:
the availability heuristic
126
According to the text, the best thing you can do to test your ideas is to attempt to _________ them, but the phenomenon known as ____________ demonstrates that people don't often do this.
disprove; the confirmation bias
127
Suppose there was a language that had only two words for precipitation, and that one of those words was for rain and the other for snow. If it was found that people who spoke only that language had difficulty discriminating among mist, drizzle, rain, freezing rain, hail, ice pellets, snow, and other forms of precipitation, then that finding would support the:
..
128
The prefix "un" in the word "unusual" is an example of a:
..
129
An athletic trainer gives five different tests of athleticism to a group of athletes: upper-body weight lifting, lower-body weight lifting, push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups. A factor analysis reveals that performance on these tests are all highly correlated with each other and cluster onto one factor. We can conclude that:
..
130
The argument against ______ testing is that it is difficult to construct a test that is independent of prior learning.
aptitude
131
Dr. Delaye has developed a new test for math ability but because the test relies heavily on word problems, the test is actually a better measure of verbal comprehension. Because this test doesn't measure the concept that Dr. Delaye originally intended it to, we would say that this test has:
poor construct validity
132
The ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems, which involves both verbal reasoning and factual knowledge, is called:
crystallized intelligence
133
Suppose you take a psychological test and receive a score of 82 (out of a possible 100) on it. Imagine that you take the same test again two days later and this time you receive a score of 46. Other people who have taken the test twice have also had similar positive and negative changes in scores. These results mean that this test has:
low test-retest reliability
134
Which of the following is defined as the statistical study of psychological tests:
psychometrics
135
Results from electrophysiological studies that have obtained modest correlations between IQ and the speed of the brain's electrical response, suggest that IQ may be related to:
neural efficiency
136
Which of the following explanations for the Flynn effect was NOT suggested by the text?
genetic adaptions
137
The concept of __________ refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure, and ____________ specifically assesses whether the items on a test measure all the knowledge or skills that are assumed to be part of the construct measured by a test.
..
138
Today, the most popular individually administered intelligence test is the
Wechsler's scales
139
All of the following are components in Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, EXCEPT:
visual-spatial components
140
Research on the predictive validity of IQ tests has revealed that these tests:
..
141
“What does ‘formidable’ mean?” is the type of question one would be asked on the __________ subtest of the WAIS-III.
vocabulary
142
The definition of which of the following types of intelligence includes the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution.
fluid
143
Historically, the contributions of _________ and _________ set the stage for later attempts to measure intelligence and discover its causes.
Galton; Binet
144
The ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems is called:
crystallized intelligence
145
Which of the following statements regarding the predictive use of intelligence tests is true?
IQ tests do a better job of predicting academic success than they do predicting job performance.
146
In testing, one way to compensate for differences students may have had in learning opportunities is to use __________ testing.
..
147
The ability to accurately read and effectively respond to the reactions of other people or yourself is considered to be an essential part of:
..
148
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence test was developed by:
Terman/Binet
149
According to Sir Francis Galton, which of the following was NOT related to intelligence?
privileged environment
150
Wechsler's WAIS-III Full Scale IQ includes both:
verbal and performance IQ
151
In the Abecedarian Program a particularly notable effect was found for children whose mothers were mentally retarded. Every one of these children who had early intervention had attained an IQ at least _____ points higher than those in the control group.
..
152
Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability?
predictive
153
Alfred Binet became interested in intelligence testing as a result of his position in:
France's Ministry of Education
154
Current intelligence tests provide an "IQ" score that:
..
155
According to Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the environment may place demands on people that call for three different manifestations of intelligence called:
analytical, practical, and creative
156
The Raven Progressive Matrices is a nonverbal pattern based intelligence test that has been used to measure all of the following EXCEPT:
fluid intelligence
157
If you wanted to evaluate whether Binet’s and Wechsler’s intelligence tests are measuring the same construct, you would likely use ____________ to evaluate whether questions from the scales clustered with each other.
factor analysis
158
Head Start, a program aimed at helping disadvantaged 4-year-olds by giving them an enriched academic environment, likely failed because:
the program did not reach children at an early enough age to be effective
159
Charles Spearman noted that performances on different measures of intelligence are highly correlated with each other. He therefore proposed that:
intelligence is mostly determined by a single factor, which he call the g factor
160
Margaret was so excited to share the great news with her friends! She had just taken the Wechsler intelligence test and scored a 100. Being a 'C' student, Margaret was thrilled to think that she had actually earned the perfect score of 100! Margaret's teacher tactfully let her know that:
the score is relative to others her age and a score of 100 is the average performance
161
Even though African American students as a group score _________ on IQ tests as/than white students, the test still ________ predict academic performance equally well for both ethnic groups.
..
162
The ability to accurately read and effectively respond to the reactions of other people or yourself is considered to be an essential part of:
..
163
Which of the following types of intelligence is dependent primarily on the efficient functioning of the central nervous system rather than on prior experience and cultural context?
fluid
164
Which of the following is a current criticism of emotional intelligence?
Emotional intelligence is not a form of intelligence and should be called "emotional competence"
165
When we refer to a test as having strong _____, we are essentially saying that the test has good consistency.
reliability
166
Research on the potential impact of physiological brain functioning on intelligence has suggested that people who score higher on intelligence tests have brains that:
respond quicker and process more efficiently.
167
According to the text, which of the following statements regarding intelligence is most accurate?
..
168
Given that they can influence how other people respond to us, emotions can also be considered a form of:
..
169
The issue of classifying people’s sexual orientations is made difficult by the fact that:
a relatively high percentage of people report same-gender attraction, yet do not identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual.
170
The fight-or-flight response in both animals and humans is produced in part by the:
sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.
171
One of the criticisms of Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy is that people may still pursue their need for ___________, even when presumably lower needs, such as the need for _____________, have not yet been satisfied or met.
..
172
From an evolutionary perspective, two of the most basic emotional responses that have strong adaptive significance and that are seen in both humans and virtually all animals are:
..
173
All of the following are one of the four common features of emotions, EXCEPT:
emotions are distinct from the behavioural tendencies they evoke.
174
In humans, normal short-term hormonal fluctuations have __________________ effect on sexual arousability.
relatively little
175
In his two-factor theory of emotion, Stanley Schachter asserts that the cognitive appraisal of ___________ provide(s) essential information to help us determine exactly what emotion we are feeling while our ______________ tell(s) us how strongly we are feeling something.
situational cues; level of physiological arousal
176
You have been accepted by Harvard and Stanford and since you like both universities, you are having a hard time deciding which one to attend. This example best demonstrates a(n):
approach-approach conflict
177
According to the inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance, performance will be best on a moderately difficult task if there is a moderate level of arousal. If the task is easy and not very complex, it is likely that the optimal level of arousal for this second task will be ___________.
..
178
According to research findings, people who have a high need for achievement are more likely to strive hard for success under all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
when conditions are relaxed and tasks are easy.
179
According to recent studies, between 40 to 70 percent of body mass variation among people is accounted for by:
genetic factors
180
Your intestines respond to the ingestion of food by releasing this peptide, which travels to the brain and stimulates the receptors sites of brain regions that decrease eating. This peptide is called:
CCK
181
Initial theories asserted that _________ was the primary motivator for employees, but modern research and theorizing suggest that ________________ is the most important job attribute.
money; personal accomplishment
182
The two principles that were used to fully explain the relationship between arousal and performance were:
the inverted-U and task complexity.
183
Studies of families have suggested that a strong motive for success is fostered by parents who:
encourage and reward achievement and do not punish failure.
184
encourage and reward achievement and do not punish failure.
..
185
__________ are positive or negative affective states that have are comprised of various cognitive, physiological, and behavioural responses.
..
186
Research on the relationship between physiological arousal and performance has determined that:
as arousal increases, performance increases to a point, but after that, further arousal serves to decrease performance.
187
Someone who scores high on a measure of sensation-seeking would most likely rate which of the following activities as least attractive?
reading a book
188
According to Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, people must first satisfy their need for __________ before they can turn their attention to their need for ___________.
security and safety; affiliation and love
189
Stanley Schachter and Ladd Wheeler's (1962) study demonstrated that people who unknowingly received an injection of a stimulant tended to rate a movie as being funnier than participants who received either a placebo or a tranquilizer. This study provided clear evidence that:
arousal can affect cognitive appraisals.
190
Dutton and Aron tested the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion by arranging for either a male or female research assistant to approach males who were crossing either the Capilano Suspension Bridge 76 metres above a section of rapids or a wide, sturdy cedar bridge only 3 metres above a small stream. Participants were asked to complete a short task and told that they could contact the research assistant if they had any questions and were given the researcher’s name and phone number. The results supported the cognitive appraisal theory because:
males that crossed the swaying anxiety provoking bridge were more likely to later call the female research assistant.
191
All of the following findings have been observed in research on sexual orientation, EXCEPT:
..
192
Many modern sexual orientation theorists point out that people may experience attraction to people of the same gender, but may not identify themselves as homosexual. Such a statement makes an important distinction between:
self-identity and sexual attraction
193
All of the following brain structures play important roles in the regulation and production of emotion, EXCEPT:
..
194
If the glucose levels of a person are experimentally manipulated such that they first rise and then drop, the person will most likely:
experience hunger
195
The division between _____________ is not always clear, though some theorists suggest that it is best to consider one as a stimulus and the other as a response.
motivation and emotion
196
Through the process of ______________, we can learn to associate the smell and sight of food with its taste and, thus, these stimuli can serve to trigger a hunger response.
classical conditioning
197
You really enjoy looking at flowers and they have a strong attraction for you, but you are also rather allergic to many different kinds of flowers; the closer you get to them, the worse your sneezing. A lot of the time you see pretty flowers that attract your attention, but you are eventually forced to back off when you feel your allergies coming on. This example best demonstrates a(n):
..
198
The fact that emotions typically do not occur by themselves and are usually triggered in response to various people, behaviours, situations, objects, or events best demonstrates how emotions involve:
..
199
An important clue about the definition of the term "motivation" is revealed if we look at its derivation. The root of this word in Latin means
..
200
Which of the following most directly demonstrates that genetics play an important role in obesity?
Identical twins raised apart are about as similar in body mass as identical twins raised together.
201
Which of the following is considered evidence for fundamental emotional patterns?
similarity in some basic emotions across cultures
202
Sara and Frank are competing for the same new job. They both very much want the job and believe that it would substantially help their careers. Frank isn't sure that he has the job or interview skills needed to get the job and as a result, he puts a little less effort into his resume and job interview. Sara, on the other hand, believes that she has good interview skills and thinks that she has the talent to get the job. As a result, she prepares at bit harder for this position. The expectancy X value theory of motivation would most likely explain this difference in motivation as being due to:
..
203
According to the ______________, physiological information provided by the muscles of the face may provide significant clues regarding the nature and intensity of the emotions we experience.
facial feedback hypothesis
204
Fat cells in the body actively regulate the processes of food intake and weight regulation by secreting a hormone to decrease appetite. This hormone is called:
leptin
205
The concept of ____________ refers to the body's tendency to maintain an internal state of physiological balance.
homeostasis
206
Fran really would like to do well in this psychology course. She isn’t so much motivated by wanting to get better grades and test scores than her classmates, nor is she afraid of doing poorly, but she is very much interested in learning and gaining some expertise for the material, even though some of the content is quite challenging for her. Fran appears to have a ________________ and her particular way of manifesting this suggests that she is motivated by ________________.
high need for achievement; mastery goals
207
Evolutionary psychologists speculate that _____________ have adaptive significance because they serve to ________ our attention when we are threatened.
..
208
You are leading a group of 25 adults on a tour of your campus and as you pass the tennis courts, you all stop to watch. Half of the courts contain students who are just leaning to play tennis, while next to them are several exceptional tennis players from your college tennis team. According to the social facilitation effect, which of the following would you expect?
..
209
Jared is very upset at the low score he received at his piano competition. Jared typically receives low scores but this time he thought he would do better. He begins to believe that the three judges were all against him from the start. In this case, Jared would be attributing his low score to the:
situation
210
Schemata are used for all BUT one of the following. Which is NOT a use of a schema:
..
211
Which of the following is one of the two primary ways that the bystander effect can inhibit people from helping others?
diffusion of responsibility
212
Participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience were first told that the study was about the effect of:
social roles on behaviour
213
Muzafer Sherif found that when groups of people viewed a stationary dot of light in a dark room, the people perceived the dot to move in a phenomenon called _____________. When comparing their experiences in small groups after viewing the dot, groups came to slightly different conclusions regarding how much the dot had moved and provided some insight into how _________ are formed.
the autokinetic effect; social norms
214
Solomon Asch found that all of the following factors served to decrease conformity in his experiments except:
having a smaller group
215
The principle of _______________ specifically refers to how the average opinion of groups of like-minded individuals tends to become more extreme when they discuss an issue.
group polarization
216
Which factor affects the negative cycle that often develops with regard to anger in a relationship?
stonewalling
217
A woman with negative attitudes towards Asians usually relates to Asian individuals in such a way that they alter their behaviour and ultimately confirm to the woman's initial beliefs. This example best demonstrates how stereotypes can be perpetuated by:
self-fulfilling prophecies
218
Which of the following statements regarding follow-up studies on Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment is most accurate?
Surprisingly, modern studies have obtained similar obedience rates.
219
In-group favouritism and the out-group homogeneity bias were both mentioned as possible contributing causes of:
prejudice
220
A phenomenon known as the _______________ effect refers to how people appear to prefer having a dating partner or spouse who is of ______________________.
matching; similar attractiveness to themselves
221
Solomon Asch demonstrated that a substantial percentage of participants conformed to obviously inaccurate line judgements made by several confederates. Follow-up interviews with the participants revealed that:
the evidence is overwhelmingly consistent with "birds of a feather flock together."
222
The implicit association test is used specifically to assess:
..
223
In his famous study examining obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of his participants
..
224
In subsequent experiments examining the factors that influence conformity, Solomon Asch determined that:
conformity increased as group size increased from 1 to about 4 or 5, but further increases in group size did not increase conformity.
225
The false consensus effect refers to
assuming many people share your opinion when that is not the case
226
The phenomenon of _______________ refers to how people perform better on individual tasks when they perform in front of an audience or have coactors, while ______________ occurs when people involved in a group task exert less effort than they would if they were performing individually.
social facilitation; social loafing
227
Informational influences on conformity include
using other persons' responses as guidelines to what was going on
228
Psychologists use the term ______________ specifically to refer to judgements people make about the causes of their own and other people's behaviours.
"attributions"
229
The tendency for people to work less hard when they are working in a group than when they are working alone is known as:
social loafing
230
The phenomenon of groupthink is likely to occur under all of the following circumstances except:
..
231
One possible explanation for some UFO sightings is the
autokinetic effect
232
In the Psychological Application coverage in the text looking at the work of marital researcher John Gottman, what are the four behaviours (termed the "Four Horseman of the Apocalypse") that are significantly associated with poor marital outcomes in marriages?
criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling
233
According to the _______________, people tend to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal factors when explaining other people's behaviours.
..
234
According to the text, under which of the following conditions are we most likely to make a situational attribution?
when consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus are all high
235
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A stereotype is a specific type of schema.
236
The belief that one’s individual performance within a group is not being monitored and having a task goal that is not very meaningful or valuable to a person are two factors that are most likely to increase the chance of:
..
237
Cognitive dissonance is more likely to occur when a person feels that her actions are ___________ and when the counterattitudinal behaviour __________ her sense of self-worth.
..
238
The tendency for members of a group to suspend critical thinking because they are striving for agreement is specifically called:
groupthink
239
The primary assumption behind the implicit association test is that people will respond more ________ to word pairs that they perceive as not 'fitting together'.
slowly
240
The concept called _______________ specifically asserts that prejudicial attitudes create fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group members that they will confirm other people's negative attitudes.
stereotype threat
241
According to the text, under which of the following conditions are we most likely to make a personal attribution?
when consistency is high and distinctiveness and consensus are both low
242
When explaining our own behaviour, _____________ occurs when we make more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures.
..
243
Which of the following conclusions regarding the results from obedience studies is most accurate?
Obedience behaviour appears to be more a product of situational factors than of personal characteristics.
244
The best known approach to reducing prejudice is based on a principle called:
equal status contact
245
The out-group homogeneity bias refers to the tendency:
to assume that out-group members are more similar to one another than are in-group members
246
_______________ assumes that life is fair and that people get what they deserve and also deserve what they get.
the just world hypothesis
247
Within any given culture, specific information about gender-role socialization informs us about the appropriate attributes and behaviours of men and women. These are referred to as:
..
248
Often in personality research, ______________ is used to identify clusters of specific behaviours that are so highly associated with one another that they are assumed to be due to a single trait or basic dimension of personality.
factor analysis
249
According to Eysenck's theory of personality, a normal personality can be explained with a combination of which of the following traits?
extroversion-introversion and stability-instability
250
Ron's new roommate, Tim, is driving him crazy! Tim is a compulsive neat freak who cannot tolerate anything left out of place in the apartment. Tim also insists the cleaning be done in a certain way. If Tim were to seek advice from a psychoanalyst, Tim might be told that his compulsions are the result of harsh toilet training when Tim was a child. This suggests Tim is stuck in the ___________ psychosexual stage of development.
anal
251
John is a rather aggressive person with lots of energy. He sometimes got in trouble for aggressive behaviour as a teenager, but he has recently vented his aggressive feelings by playing rugby on a local team. Instead of getting in trouble for his aggressive behaviour, John now finds that he is considered to be a well-respected and valuable rugby player by teammates and fans alike. According to Sigmund Freud, joining the rugby team would best be considered an example of the defence mechanism of:
..
252
Research studies on the stability of personality traits such as introversion-extroversion and emotionality have revealed that these traits are _________ across time.
highly stable
253
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the
humanistic approach
254
The results of the Minnesota study on the similarity of the spouses of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins found:
The spouses of MZ twins are no more alike than the spouses of DZ twins and hardly more alike than random pairs of people.
255
Constructs such as the collective unconscious and archetypes are part of:
Carl Jung's theory of analytic psychology.
256
Studies have found that individuals often seek relationships with others who confirm their positive or negative views of themselves, so much so that when someone with a negative self-view marries a person who views them favourably, the person with the negative self-view will often withdraw from the marriage. This phenomenon is most consistent with the concept of:
..
257
The concept of _________ was defined as the distinctive and relatively consistent ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize a person’s responses to various life situations.
personality
258
Which of the following perspectives on personality was generated using the statistical tool called factor analysis?
Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factor model
259
The Rorschach inkblot test and the TAT are both examples of what are called:
projective tests.
260
The basic assumption underlying projective tests is that if you present someone with a(n) ___________ stimulus, the interpretation for this stimulus will come from within and thus presumably represent or reflect the person's inner needs and feelings.
ambiguous
261
A marital researcher is interested in the personality factors and attitudes that contribute to successful marriages. This researcher has interviewed hundreds of different couples already, so in order to gather some potentially new information, he gives 20 married couples a beeper that randomly activates two to three times a day. When the beeper goes off, the couple is asked to call in to an answering machine in the lab and report on what they were just doing, thinking, and feeling. This study best demonstrates the personality assessment method known as:
remote behaviour sampling
262
According to the text, paper-and-pencil measures of personality, such as the MMPI and the NEO-PI, are most favoured by researchers associated with the ____________ approach to personality.
trait
263
Which of the following statements regarding the stability of personality traits is most accurate?
..
264
Sigmund Freud divided personality into three separate but interacting structures called:
the id, ego, and superego
265
Hans Eysenck believes that there are specific biological factors that are responsible for traits. Specifically, he asserts that people who have brains that are chronically underaroused score high on a measure of ______________.
extraversion
266
Which of the Big Five personality traits appears to have the strongest relation to physical health and longevity?
..
267
Jeff likes to smoke cigars and he often likes to suck on breath mints or other hard candies. In social situations, he tends to talk a lot, and because he really enjoys eating, is a little overweight. According to Freud's theory, Jeff most likely experienced a fixation at which psychosexual stage of development?
oral
268
In the case of Julia discussed in the text, it was pointed out how her trait of disagreeableness may motivate her to behave in irritable, cynical, and uncooperative ways. These behaviours likely trigger negative reactions in her friends, and these social consequences may in turn serve to strengthen and reinforce Julia's personality and her social behaviour. This example best demonstrates the concept of:
..
269
Dr. Stevens is interested in studying social behaviour among children. To address this issue, he creates an elaborate coding system that can be used to categorize and classify various social behaviours that children display, such as sharing their crayons or trading turns on a swing set. Dr. Stevens's work is best considered as an example of which type of personality assessment?
behavioural assessment
270
Which of the following concepts is most concerned with the amount of personal power or influence we feel that we can exert in our lives?
..
271
Studies of university students have revealed that students with an internal locus of control tend to perform better academically than students with an external locus of control. The better students most likely associate their academic success with ___________.
hard work
272
Carl Rogers assumed that people have an innate need to receive love, sympathy, and acceptance from others, which he called:
..
273
In the study of personality traits of Canadian and German monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, the researchers found
..
274
People who score low in __________ tend to be suspicious, antagonistic, and aggressive.
..
275
Giving self-justifying plausible excuses that hide the real reasons for our behavior defines the defense mechanism known as
rationalization
276
All of the following were specifically mentioned as beliefs that can influence self-efficacy except:
..
277
According to Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists, _____________ refers to the active process of realizing our total human potential.
self-actualization
278
John worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. John's behavior can be viewed as an example of
reaction formation
279
During a conversation with a friend, Al starts to get angry, but this is an emotion that he considers inappropriate and childish. As a result, instead of noticing his own anger, he unknowingly starts to believe that his friend is becoming angry and excited, even though she is doing no such thing. This example best demonstrates the defence mechanism of:
..
280
Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy specifically refers to people's:
..
281
Which of the following correctly lists what are often called the "Big Five" personality traits?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
282
The activities of the ______________ are primarily governed by the pleasure principle.
..
283
The reason for using factor analysis is:
..
284
Compared to the hostile, aggressive nature of people as seen by Freud, the ______________ perspective views people as ________________.
humanistic; inherently good
285
Chris typically behaves in a way that is reflective, refined, and imaginative. In the "Big Five" model of personality factors, these lower-order traits place most closely on the ______________ dimension.
..
286
Which of the following is considered a significant shortcoming of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
..
287
Psychologists and therapists who draw from a wide variety of psychological perspectives and don't limit themselves to the techniques associated with any one approach are considered to be:
..
288
Antipsychotic medications achieve their effects by blocking the activity of:
dopamine
289
A determinant of how long the effects of a particular therapy last is best gauged by the use of:
follow-up data
290
All of the following were mentioned as examples of therapy procedures derived directly from the principles of classical conditioning EXCEPT:
..
291
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often used for depression when:
can be useful in severe depression, particularly with a high rate of suicide
292
In review studies making use of the meta-analysis technique, as a measure of treatment effectiveness, it is common for researchers to calculate the ___________________statistic.
effect size
293
Which of the following would most likely be considered the least favoured way of modifying behaviour because of the potential negative side effects?
punishment
294
After completing a successful therapy experience, a client reflects that one of the things that she found most helpful about therapy was the different explanations offered by her therapist that allowed her to feel more at ease about herself and her problems. This example best demonstrates which of the following common factors thought to be responsible for the general effectiveness of psychotherapy?
..
295
Which of the following was mentioned as a difference between traditional and brief psychodynamic therapy?
..
296
________________ is somewhat unique in that it is often conducted in a group format, it sometimes incorporates role-playing, and it can be rather confrontational.
Gestalt therapy
297
The techniques of free association and dream analysis are similar in that both are used to:
access unconscious material
298
Designing good psychotherapy research is challenging because:
..
299
A drug is used to treat a psychological disorder that slows down the synaptic activity of the nervous system by enhancing the activity of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory transmitter. It is most likely that this drug is a(n):
..
300
Susan has an anxiety disorder and has sought help from a therapist, Dr. Jones. Dr. Jones believes that Susan's anxiety is related to her unconscious fear of her unmet sexual impulses and that in order for Susan to get over her anxiety problem, she needs to have greater awareness of this unconscious dynamic. Dr. Jones is most likely associated with the ______________ approach to therapy and appears to be trying to produce positive changes by fostering more _____________.
psychoanalytic; insight
301
In Albert Ellis's ABCD model of emotional disturbance, the A stands for the:
activating event
302
The text mentions that without treatment, a sizeable percentage of people suffering from depression eventually get better within 5 to 10 months. It is most likely that these improvements are a product of:
..
303
According to the text, which of the following was considered to be the most important factor impacting the outcome of psychotherapy?
the therapeutic relationship
304
Dr. Axworthy is conducting a test of a new treatment for borderline personality disorder. One randomly determined group of people suffering from the disorder receives the new treatment. To control for client expectations, another group receives a psychotherapy treatment that has consistently been shown not to be effective. Which of the following most accurately classifies this second group of study participants?
..
305
Though they are usually considered to be quite different, the psychoanalytic and the humanistic approaches to psychotherapy are similar in that:
..
306
According to the humanist Carl Rogers, the "active ingredient" in therapy is:
..
307
Though they are rather similar, one difference between cognitive therapy and rational-emotive therapy is that the former concentrates on automatic thoughts, while the later is concerned with ______________.
irrational thoughts
308
Prefrontal lobotomies were originally used to treat people suffering from:
psychotic and violent behaviour
309
Beatrice would like to stop her habit of biting her fingernails. In order to do this, she covers the ends of her fingertips, including her nails, with a bitter tasting antibacterial spray. When Beatrice puts her fingernail in her mouth she is met with a noxious taste and removes her nail immediately from her mouth. In this case, the bitter taste might be considered the:
..
310
In psychoanalytic theory, it is assumed that while the person may consciously want help, there may be an unconscious motivation not to change. The defensive patterns that disrupt therapy and function to maintain the present condition are called:
..
311
Though initially created for use with _______________, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is best suited for individuals suffering from ________________.
schizophrenia; depression
312
Compared to exposure therapies, systematic desensitization typically evokes __________ anxiety in the client during treatment and usually takes ___________ time to fully treat someone.
less; more
313
Cognitive therapy is currently considered to be the psychological treatment of choice for which of the following disorders?
depression
314
Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were all mentioned as drug treatments for which of the following disorders?
..
315
Dr. Stone designs a study to test the effectiveness of a new treatment for anxiety disorders. After making sure that her participants are roughly similar on important demographic variables, people are randomly assigned to receive either the new therapy or another therapy technique that has already been proven to be effective. Which of the following statements best describes Dr. Stone's study?
Her study uses randomized clinical trials, but does not have a placebo control group.
316
Janice has a phobia of dogs and decides to consult with a behaviour therapist in order to get some help. The therapist first teaches her a muscle relaxation technique. After she has learned this, they create a list of increasingly fearful situations involving dogs. Starting with the least feared situation, the therapist has Janice imagine it and then use her relaxation training to eliminate any anxiety that arises. This therapist is using the general technique called ______________, and the list that they have created is an example of _____________.
..
317
Psychoanalysts study the dreams of their patients because it is assumed that dreams:
express unconscious wishes and fantasies that are typically repressed during the day.
318
Which of the following pays the least amount of attention to internal factors such as thoughts, feelings, or unconscious dynamics?
..
319
Exposure therapies have been used effectively to treat agoraphobics by:
..
320
Modelling plays the most important role in which of the following therapies?
social skills training
321
In this therapy, a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a noxious stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS. This is:
aversion therapy
322
Which of the following individuals made a major criticism of therapy in the 1950s by showing that people recovered from psychological problems as well without treatment as they did when seeing a psychotherapist?
..
323
Joanne has been having some severe psychological problems. Her therapist decided that the best course of treatment would include both psychotherapy and an SSRI. Given that this treatment is the optimal one, Joanne is most likely suffering from:
..
324
Jerry is working with a therapist to get over his feelings of depression. The therapist points out how most of his depressive feelings appear to be produced by thoughts such as, "because she broke up with me, no one will ever love me!" The therapist helps Jerry to identify when this previously automatic thought is present and suggests that he come up with some way of challenging this conclusion. Jerry most likely has a therapist who is using
rational-emotive therapy
325
A behavioural therapist would likely be most interested in which of the following client measures in a psychotherapy outcome study assessing the effectiveness of a new treatment for agoraphobia?
direct behavioural observations of the client
326
As part of a smoking cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in:
..
