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Biology OCR A > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Single celled organisms that are small and simple

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Complex and include all plant and animal cells

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3
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Regulates movements of substances in and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports plant cells

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains chromatin and the nucleolus

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6
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Contains digestive enzymes to digest invading cells and break down worn out cell components

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Making of proteins

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8
Q

What is the function of RER?

A

Folds and processes proteins

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9
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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10
Q

What is the function of a vesicle?

A

Transports substances in and out of the cell and between organelles

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11
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and packages new lipids, makes lysosomes

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12
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Contains enzymes for respiration, site of aerobic respiration

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13
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the function of a centriole?

A

Used in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

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15
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Allow movement of substances along the cell membrane

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16
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Outboard motors that help the cell move

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17
Q

Process of protein production:

A

1 protein made at ribosome
2 RER ribosomes make proteins that are excreted or attached to the cell
3 free ribosomes make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm
4 new proteins are folded and processed at the RER
5 transported from the RER to Golgi Apparatus in vesicles
6 proteins are further processes and packaged by the Golgi
7 proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell
8 IF being secreted the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and the protein leaves via exocytosis

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18
Q

What are microfillaments?

A

Small solid strands

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19
Q

What are Microtubules?

A

Tiny protein cylinders

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20
Q

4 main functions of the cytoskeleton

A

1 support the cells organelles, keeping them in positions
2 strengthen the cell and maintain its shape
3 responsible for movement of materials within the cell
4 proteins of the cytoskeleton can also cause the cell to move - cytoskeleton propels the cell eg flagellum

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21
Q

DNA in prokaryotes is…

A

Circular

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22
Q

DNA in eukaryotes is…

A

Linear

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23
Q

Prokaryotes are less than …. in diameter

A

2 micrometers

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24
Q

Eukaryotes are normally ….. in diameter

A

10-100 micrometers

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25
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No, dna is free in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

Do eukaryotes have a nucleus?

A

Yes, dna is inside the nucleus

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27
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?

A

Yes, but not chitin or cellulose

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28
Q

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall?

A

No cell wall, plant cells have a cellulose cell wall

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29
Q

Do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

A

No, they have very few organelles and no membrane bound

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30
Q

Do eukaryotes have organelles?

A

Yes, they have many inc,using membrane bound organelles

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31
Q

What is the flagella made from in prokaryotes?

A

Flagellin, arranged in a helix

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32
Q

What is the flagella in eukaryotes made of?

A

Microtubule proteins in 9+2 formation

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33
Q

Prokaryotes have …. ribosomes

A

Small

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34
Q

Eukaryotes have ….. ribosomes

A

Large

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35
Q

An example of a prokaryote is….

A

E.Coli Bacterium

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36
Q

An example of a eukaryote is….

A

Human liver cell

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37
Q

What size are bacteria?

A

Roughly 1 10th of the size of a eukaryotic cell

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38
Q

Bacteria can be seen under a …. microscope

A

Electron

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39
Q

A bacterial cell contains what 6 things?

A 
Flagellum 
DNA
Plasma membrane 
Cell wall
Plasmid
Ribosomes
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40
Q

Define magnification

A

How much bigger the image is than the sample you are looking at

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41
Q

Define resolution

A

How detailed the image is - the ability to distinguish between two points that are close together

42
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = image / actual

43
Q

What is the resolution and magnification of a light microscope ?

A

0.2 micrometers

X1500

44
Q

What type of specimens can light microscopes look at?

A

Dead and Alive

45
Q

How does a laser scanning confocal microscope work?

A

Uses laser beams to scan specimen that is tagged with a fluorescent dye
Laser causes the dye to fluoresce and give off light
Light is focused through a pinhole onto a detector, hooked up to a computer which produces an image - can be 3D
Any out of focus light is blocked = clearer image

46
Q

How does a TEM work

A

Electromagnets to focus beams of electrons - transmitted through specimen
Denser parts absorb more electrons which make them darker on image
Provide high resolution images - organelles can be seen

47
Q

How does SEM work

A

Scan beams of electrons across specimen
Knocks off electrons from specimen which is gathered in cathode tube to form an image
3D image

48
Q

What is the magnification and resolution of a TEM

A

0.0002 micrometers

X1000000

49
Q

What is the magnification and resolution of a SEM

A

0.002 micrometers

X500000

50
Q

What stain is used with light microscopes?

A

Methylene blue or eosin

51
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Cell cytoplasm

52
Q

What does methylene blue stain?

53
Q

What are objects dipped in for electron microscopes?

A

Heavy metals such as lead, the metal ions then scatter electrons creating contrast

54
Q

How do you prepare a dry mount?

A

Thin slice of specimen
Tweeters to place in middle of the slide
Tilt and lower the cover slip

55
Q

How do you prepare a wet mount?

A

Pipette a small drop of water
Tweezers to place specimen in the middle
Tilt and lower the cover slip, avoiding air bubbles
Stain by placing a drop of stain on one side and place paper towel on opposite side
Stain will get drawn through

56
Q

How to use a light microscope?

A

Clip slide to the stage
Lowest powered objective lens
Coarse adjustment knob to bring up stage to lens
Look down ocular lens and use coarse adjustment to focus on specimen
Adjust focus with fine adjustment knob until image is clear
Greater magnification = swap to a higher objective lens and refocus

57
Q

An eyepiece graticule has …. units

58
Q

Stage micrometers have a …. scale

A

Accurate scale

59
Q

What percentage of the cells contents is water

60
Q

What are the 5 functions of water?

A 
Reactant
Solvent
Transport
Temperature control 
Habitat
61
Q

Water has a …. structure and can partake in ….. bonding

A

Simple and hydrogen

62
Q

What are the 4 Properties of water?

A

High specific heat capacity
High latent of evaporation
Cohesive and good solvent
Less dense when a solid

63
Q

What are all carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

64
Q

Glucose is what type of sugar?

A

Hexose , alpha and beta

65
Q

Ribose is what type of sugar?

A

Pentode sugar, sugar component of RNA

66
Q

What bonds join monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
?

A

Glycosidic bonds, using condensation reactions

67
Q

How are these glycosidic bonds broken?

A

Hydrolysis

68
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose - two alpha glucose
Sucrose -alpha glucose and fructose
Lactose - alpha/beta glucose and galactose

69
Q

Example of polysaccharides

A

Amylose - alpha glucose

70
Q

What is Starch used for in plants?

A

Energy storage

71
Q

Amylose

A

Long, unbranded chains of alpha glucose in coiled structure

Good for storage as more compact

72
Q

Amylopectin

A

Long, unbranded chains of alpha glucose

side branches allow enzymes that break down the molecule = easy access

73
Q

Glycogen

A

Main energy storage in animals
Alpha glucose
Side branches - released quickly
Compact - good for storage

74
Q

Cellulose

A

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose
Straight cellulose chains
Linked together by hydrogen bonds - microbfibrils = structural support

75
Q

Triglycerides

A

Macromolecules
One molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids
Contain Ester bonds

76
Q

Saturated

A

No double bonds between carbons

77
Q

Unsaturated

A

At least one double bond between carbons

78
Q

Properties and functions of triglycerides

A

Long hydrocarbon tail - chemical energy released when broken down; twice as much as carbohydrate, insoluble

79
Q

Properties and functions of phospholipids

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail form double layer, water soluble substances can’t pass through easily - barrier

80
Q

Properties and functions of cholesterol

A

Small size and flattened shape, fit between phospholipid molecules and bind to hydrophobic tails, membrane more rigid, less fluid

81
Q

Proteins are …..

82
Q

Amino acids are …..

83
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids joined by peptide bond

84
Q

Polypeptides are

A

More than two amino acids joined together

85
Q

Amino acids contain…

A

Amino group, variable group, carboxyl group

86
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Peptide bonds

87
Q

Secondary proteins

A

Hydrogen bonds form between near amino acids and coil into a alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Hydrogen bonds

88
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Coiled and folded further, more bonds form between parts of polypeptide chain, final 3D structure
Ionic bonds, disulphides bridges, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, hydrogen bonds

89
Q

Quarternary structure

A

Several different polypeptide chains held together by bonds, for proteins with more than 1 polypeptide chain
Bonds determined by tertiary bonds present

90
Q

What happens if you heat a protein

A

Break up ionic and hydrogen bonds, change in 3D shape

91
Q

Globular proteins

A

Hydrophilic R groups on outside of molecule, soluble, easily transported in fluids

92
Q

Examples of globular proteins

A

Haemoglobin
Insulin
Amylase

93
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Insoluble and strong, structural and fairly unreactive

94
Q

Examples of fibrous proteins

A

Collagen
Keratin
Elastin

95
Q

Inorganic ions

A

Important in biological processes

96
Q

Anions

A 
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Hydrogen
Ammonium
97
Q

Cations

A 
Nitrate
Hydrogencarbonate
Chloride
Phosphate 
Hydroxide
98
Q

Benedicts test

A

Reducing sugars - all monosaccharides and some disaccharides
Add benedicts always use excess
Heat in water bath until boil
Precipitate brick red = positive
NON reducing sugars
Add dilute HCl and carefully heat, neutralise with sodium carbonate
Carry out benedicts

99
Q

Test strips for glucose

A

Coated in reagent, compare to chart

Eg diabetes, infections etc

100
Q

Iodine test for starch

A

Potassium iodide solution
Add to sample
Positive = blue black

101
Q

Biuret test for proteins

A

Colours are pale so look carefully
Has to be alkaline so as NaOH
Add copper sulphate
Protein = purple

102
Q

Emulsion test for lipids

A

Shake test solution with ethanol for 1 min
Pour solution into water
Milky if lipid present

Biology OCR A (1 decks)

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