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PH 1101 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-kinase

Stimulated by: (2)
Inhibited by: (2)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-phosphatase

Stimulated by: (1)

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-kinase

Stimulated by: increase in ADP, PYRUVATE
Inhibited by: increase in ACETYL-COA, NADH

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-phosphatase

Stimulated by: CALCIUM
a

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2
Q

T or F: the carboxyl group from the pyruvate hooks up with CoA to form Acetyl-CoA

A

F - T or F: the carboxyl group from the pyruvate leaves as CO2. it is the ACETYL group that hooks up with CoA.

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3
Q

T or F: pyruvate dehydrogenase requires 1 ATP to create acetyl CoA

A

F - high energy bond - does not require ATP (thioester)

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4
Q

T or F: A-CoA acts stoichiometrically and produces 2 CO2 per molecule

A

T

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5
Q

What is the link between TCA and ETC? (1)

A

the reduced co-factors!

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6
Q

Pair this up:

Oxaloactate = \_\_\_\_\_\_ + \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A-CoA = \_\_\_\_\_\_ + \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

1 A-CoA = __ CO2
100 A-CoA = __ CO2

A 
Oxaloactate = handle + catalytic
A-CoA = substrate + stoichiometrically

1 A-CoA = 2 CO2
100 A-CoA = 200 CO2

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7
Q

3 controlling factors of Krebs

A

CS
ICDH
AKGDH

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8
Q

Controlling factors (+ and -)

CS
ICDH
AKGDH

A 
CS = (-) increase in citrate, succinyl-CoA, NADH, ATP 
ICDH = (-) increase NADH, ATP 
AKGDH= (-) increase in citrate, succinyl-CoA, NADH, ATP; (+) increase of Ca
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9
Q

Difference between FAD and NAD?

A

FAD can hold 2 H atoms

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10
Q

GTP + ADP GDP + ATP

which enzyme catalyzes this?

A

nucleoside diphosphate kinase

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11
Q

What is CoASH?

A

when CoA is not attached to an acytl group

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12
Q

Which enzymes needs thiamine pyrophosphate lipase, NAD, CoASH, and FAD?

A

alpha-ketogluerate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

Why is Krebs cycle considered amphibolic?

A

catabolic - breaks down A-CoA

anabolic - provies substrate fr other pathways

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14
Q

Which enzyme is considered anapleurotic?

A

pyruvate carboxylase

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15
Q

Which poison competes with succinate to make Krebs cycle becomes stoichiometric?

A

malonate

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16
Q

Which poison replaces acetate to steal the CoA?

A

fluoro-acetate to make fluoro-acetyl-CoA

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17
Q

Consequence of low CoQ?

A

decrease in ATP (heart failure due to poor heart contraction)

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18
Q

Names

Complex I
Complex II
Complex III
Complex IV

A

I - NADH dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase
II - SDH
III - cytochrome B-C1 complex
IV - cytochrome C oxidase

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19
Q

T or F: if you block any component of the ETC, the entire complex will shut down

A

T

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20
Q

Which enzyme does cyanide block?

A

cytochrome (complex 4)

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21
Q

How much ATP generated for 1 molecule of NADH? FADH2?

A

NADH =2.5

FADH2 = 1.5

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22
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis?

A

breakdown of muscle tissue to the point it shows up in the blood and causes kidney damage

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23
Q

Which enzyme does oligomycin block?

A

ATP synthase

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24
Q

Which enzyme does amytal block?

A

complex 1

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25
Q

How does an increase in cytoplasmic ATP affect the Kreb’s Cycle, the ETC and the ATP synthase?

Answer: when there is an ATP out, ADP comes in

Which enzyme does this?

A

Adenine nucleotide translocase

when there is an ATP out, ADP comes in

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26
Q

What is dinitrophenol?

A

weightloss - uncouple the ATP synthase and ETC. more ions point out to make the same amount of ATP

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27
Q

2 types of shuttles?

A

glycerol phosphate shuttle

malate aspartate shuttle

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28
Q

What’s the difference between starch and glycogen?

Species
Branching
Linkages

A

S: plants, straight (amylose), and branches (amylopectin)

G: animal, more branched (amylopectin) than starch, 1-4 and 1-6 linkages

29
Q

Glycogen - more 1-6 or 1-4 linkages?

A

1-4 > 1-6

30
Q

ATP Cost of adding glucose to glycogen

A

2 ATP

31
Q

If the heart burns lactic acid, how many ATP can be made?

A

2 ATP

32
Q

What is steric hindrance and how is it related to glycogen phosphorylase?

A

once it reaches a branching point - the molecules have a stronger hold - thus the enzyme would not want to waste energy/time pulling it off

also the protein cannot reach the glycosidic linkages

33
Q

If glycogen is broken down completely - what are the products and their %ages?

10% from alpha ___ linkages –> directly into ________
90% from alpha ___ linkages —> broken into _______

A

10% from alpha 1-6 linkages –> directly into GLUCOSE

90% from alpha 1-4 linkages —> broken into G1P

34
Q

Compare fed and fasting state

A

fasting state - glycogenolysis: increase of G6P in cytoplasm. G6P translocase moves it out to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is future broken to GLU and exits the liver to go to blood and cells of the body

fed state - glucose enters the cell coverted to G6P which is then made into glycogen (transporters taking G6P to the ER are closed)

35
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

G6Pase or G6P translocase dysfunctional

Prevents glucose from being released
Hypoglycemia, ketosis, hyperuricemia
Administration of uncooked corn

A

Type I

36
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

Build up of glycogen due to dysfunctional lysosomal alpha-1.6 glucosidase enzyme

Side effects?

A

Type II

FATAL
enlarged heart

37
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

Lack of amylo-1-6 glucosidase (debranching enzyme)

A

Type III

it can break things down up limited at the branches

38
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

Limited ability to perform strenuous exercise due to muscle cramps, no rise in blood-lactic acid after exercise, Mb in blood and urine?

A

McArdles (Type V)

39
Q

Which is the inactive form?

Glycogen phosphorylase b or a?

A

b

40
Q

Liver & muscle phosphorylase is inhibited by? (2)

Muscle phosphorylase is activated by? (1)

A

ATP and G6P

Calcium (muscle contraction)

41
Q

Two tissues with alpha receptors for EPI? What happens?

A

Liver and heart

activation of AMP and cascade occurs

42
Q

Cholera

Which protein affected?
Increased production of ?

A

G protein

cAMP

43
Q

What can counteract diarrhea in CF?

A

starch, rice

44
Q

Food sources for muscle and its glycogen metabolism

3

A

glucose, glycogen, FFA

45
Q

During exercise, muscles prefer ________; at rest it prefers ___________

A

glucose

FAs

46
Q

Three signals for glycogenolysis in muscle?

A

muscle glycogen metabolism (muscle contraction)

muscle lactate dehydrogenase

AMP activation (EPI)

47
Q

List some tissues that can only use glucose

A 
brain
RBC
lens/cornea of the eye
kidney medulla
testes
exercising muscle
48
Q

List some substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glucogenic AAs

49
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

lactate and RBC goes to the liver to be converted to glucose

50
Q

Hormonal control of lipid digestion (2 hormones)

A

cholecystokinin (release of bile, pancreatic enzymes, decrease gastric motility)

secretin (pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme form stomach)

51
Q

4 steps of digestion of fat

A

emulsification - for increase in SA of the lipids, requires bile
digestion
formation of mixed micelles
absorption by enterocyte

52
Q

What enzyme catalyzes:

cholesterol ester –> cholesterol?

phospholipid –> lysophospholipid?

A

cholesterol esterase

phospholipase

53
Q

Mixed micelle formation

FA
bile salt
cholesterol
lysophospholipid
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

2-monacylglycerol

54
Q

Which one of these is NOT a function of bile acid

  1. Only significant route of cholesterol excretion
  2. Prevents cholesterol precipitation in the gall bladder
  3. Emulsifying agents
  4. Activate pancreatic lipase
  5. Breakdown of proteins
  6. Facilitate absorption of fat soluble vitamins
A

5

55
Q

Which two are primary? secondary?

cholic acid
deoxycholic
lithocholic
chenodeoxycholic

A

primary = cholic and cheno (also most common two)

56
Q

T or F: bile acids are amphipathic (polar and nonpolar)

A

T

57
Q

Why do we need bile salts?

A

carboxyl end of the chol + amino group of the AAs (glycine and taurine) have to occur as the bile salt exits the liver

58
Q

bile acid + glycine = _______ and ________

bile acid + taurine = _______ and ________

what’s the ratio between glycine: taurine?

A

glycohlic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid

taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid

G: T = 3:1

59
Q

T or F: mainly bile salts are found in bile - not the acid

A

T

60
Q

Which enzyme adds a hydroxyl group to CHOL?

A

5-hydroxylase

61
Q

The core lipids consist of _______ and __________ ____

Secreted by ________epithelial cells to the lymphatics

Delivers dietary triglycerides to peripheral tissues via _________ lipase

The _______ which contains dietary cholesterol is taken up by the liver.

A

TG and CHOL ester

intestinal

lipoprotein

remnant

62
Q

Where are chylomicrons formed in the enterocytes?

A

in the ER

63
Q

Name the other 4 lipoproteins other than chylomicrons

A

LDL
HDL
VLDL
IDL

64
Q

4 components of chylomicrons

A

protein
phospholipid
chol
TG

65
Q

Chylomicrons pathway - is it in blood or lymph system?

A

lymph (blood is water based - chylo and fats are hydrophobic)

66
Q

what makes up the highest proportion of the chylomicron weight?

A

TGs (near 85%)

67
Q

chylomicron remnants and glycerol are then brought where?

A

liver (via LDL receptor after it delivers TG to the rest of the body’s tissues)

68
Q

Why are HDLs good? Why is LDL bad?

A

it has a smaller ratio of fat/CHOL thus it can carry in more

LDL bad because it contains a lot of CHOL esp. in high amounts

69
Q

TG = ? + 3 fatty acids?

A

glycerol

PH 1101 (2 decks)

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