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HUBS > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid hormone function (metabolism and growth)

A

metabolism

  • increase body heat production
  • stimulate fat mobilisation
  • stimulate carbohydrate matebolism
  • also promotes protein breakdown to allow amino acids to form glucose *gluceogenesis

Growth
- essential for brain development during fetal & neonatal brain

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2
Q

Function of astrocyte glia cells (3 functions)

A

supply nutrients to neuron
Ensheath (enclose) blood capillaries
Transmit information

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3
Q

Autonomic nerves system neuron structure
How many neurons between CNS and effector?
cell bodies where?
Axon where? myelinated or not?
neurotransmitter?

A

2 neurons between CNS and effector
Neuron #1 cell body in CNS axon in PNS myelinated
Neuron #2 cell body and axon in PNS unmyelinated

Neurotransmitter-ACH for first neuron, ACH or NOR in second

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4
Q

How many pairs of ganglia in the sympathetic chain ganglia

A

21-23 pairs

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5
Q

What is Conus medularis, Filum terminal and Coccygeal???

A

Triangle shape at the end of the spinal cord - connective tissue
that connects the Flium terminal to coccygeal Triangle shape at the end of the spinal cord - connective tissue
that connects the Flium terminal to coccygeal

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6
Q

Which end of the spine is sensory and which end is motor??

A

Dorsal-sensory

Ventral-motor

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7
Q

3 layers of meninges - appearance, function and structure of each

A

Dura mater - dense fibrous layer, tough for protection
note* 2 layers, outer periosteal, and inner meningeal

Arachnoid- contains blood vessel, sits on ‘post’ on top of pia mater
produces space for CSF to circulate and act likes a gel cushion

Pia mater - transparent and delicate,adheres (attach) to brain and follows gyri and sulci

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8
Q

Blockage of ventricle system causes??? causes…? (and in infants?)

A

hydrocephalus
build up of intracranial pressure

infants, sutures have no close, causing there head to expand/enlargement of the head

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9
Q

switching off of synapse 3 ways

A

degredation - enzymes
reuptake - through protein channels back into knob
reuptake (via diffusion) into glia cells

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10
Q

non corticospinal tract controls/maintains:

A

posture, walking, chewing, smiling

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11
Q

coticospinal pathway goes from what to what

A

Primary motor cotex
down corticospinal tract in spinal cord
crossover at medulla
synapse onto lower motor neuron

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12
Q

Define hormone

A

hormone is a molecule synthesised by endocrine cells that moves into the bloodstream that affect the function of specifically receptive organs or tissue.

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13
Q 
Water soluble  
Chemical classification 
storage
transport
receptors
mechanism of action
speed of response
example
A

Chemical classification: peptides and Catecholamines
Storage: Both peptides and catecholamines stored
made in gland cells and stored in vesicles until required via exocytosis
transport: Travel and dissolved in blood
Receptors: Cell surface/ on membrane
Mechanism of action: cascade — with 2nd messanger
speed of response: Fast (milliseconds–> seconds)
example: insulin and epinerphrine

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14
Q 
lipid soluble  
Chemical classification 
storage
transport
receptors
mechanism of action
speed of response
example
A

Chemical classification: Thyroid hormones and steroid
storage: thyroid hormones made in thyroid cells, stored until required (stored)
steroid made from cholesterol when needed (not stored)
transport: travel in the bloodstream bound to carrier protein
receptors: receptors in the cytosol or nucleus
mechanism of action: controls gene transcription
speed of response: Slow (hours-days) as gene transcription requires time like forming mRNA, forming peptide
example: cortisol

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15
Q

Posterior pituitary gland secrets what hormones and their funtion:

A

Oxytocin

  • stretch of uterine muscle during birth
  • ejection of milk

vasopressin (antidendric hormone)
- Regulates ECF concentration (acts on kidney)

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16
Q

Anterior pituitary gland responsible for what hormones

A 
growth hormone
prolactin
thyroid hormone 
Cortisol (remember ACTH C stands for cortisol) 
And also FSH and LH but not learning
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17
Q

growth hormone secretion process and function

and relation to the organ liver

A

growth hormone is a non-tropic hormone, and is secreted with a daily pattern
GHRH neruon stimulatesd causing release of Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamas
GHRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone which diffueses into the bloodstream to specific organs

growth hormone stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) inhibiting the secretion of GHRH and stimulate somatotroph neurons (SS neuron) to inhib secretion of GHRH

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18
Q

Growth hormone function

long term and short term

A

long term
- stimulate growth in bone, muscle and tissue (by stimulating cell division) - done via insulin-life growth factor
- stimulate protein synthesis in muscle
Short term
- increase blood glucose by stimulating glucose synthesiss in liver and inhibits cellular uptake of glucose
- fat mobilization

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19
Q

Prolactin function:

A

Many
- breast development
- stimulate milk synthesis
Note: non-tropic hormone

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20
Q 
Cortisol function (metabolic and other) 
(released from?)
A

adrenal cortex

Metabolic

  • increase protein breakdown and decrease glucose uptake in muscle
  • fat mobilazation
  • increase glucose synthesis in liver

other
helps one cope with stress
suppresses immune system
essential for normal blood pressure

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21
Q

Not sufficient thyroid hormone causes:

A

Growth retardation- cretinism in children myxedema in adults

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22
Q

Calcitonin secreted from? Function

A

thyroid gland
when Ca2+ levels are too high

function
- increase osteoblast activity, decrease osteoclast actiivty
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23
Q

how much percentage of Ca is in blood stream? how much in bone?

A

1% in blood stream 99% bone

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24
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone secreted from? (duhhh)

function

A

parathyroid hormone
When Ca2+ level is low

function:
- increase osteoclast activity, decrease osteoblast activity
- increase phosphate secretion in urine (to decrease formation of hydroxyapatite)
- decrease glucose secretion in urine

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25
Q

insulin secreted from? function

A

pancreas - beta cells (also sensor)
when glucose levels are too high

Function:

  • absorbtion of glucose in liver storing as glycogen
  • increase glucose uptake in muscle and fat storing as glycogen and fatty acid
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26
Q

glucagon secreted by? Function

A

pancreas -alpha cells (also sensor)
when glucose levels are too low

function: (opposite of insulin)
- stimulate liver to break down glycogen to form glucose
- break down of fat for glucose
- break down of protein in muscle - to form glucose with amino acids
- increase formation of ketone ( as another replacement of glucose)

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27
Q

hormones that increase blood glucose concentration are? (4)

A

cortisol, Ep, growth hormone and glucagon

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28
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted from: functions?

A

adrenal medulla

  • increase breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  • fat mobilization
  • activates sympathetic nervous system
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29
Q 
Anterior pituitary gland cells percentage and cells that secrete: 
Prolactin 
ACTH
FSH and LH
Thyroid stimulate hormone 
Growth hormone
A

Growth hormone - 50% by somatotrophs (remember by SS neurons in the inhibition of growth hormone)
Prolactin - 20% - by mammotrophs (mamm for mum? milk synthesis and breast development)
ACTH - 20% - by corticotrophs (ACTH responsible for cortisol so corticotrophs)
Thyroid stimulating hormone - 5% by thyrotrophs (thyroid- thyro)
FSH and LH - 5% by gonadotrophs (secreted by gonads hence gonadotrophs)

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30
Q

hormone responsible for stress response

A

cortisol and EP & NOR
(ACTH)
Note: hypothalamas releases corticotropin releasing hormone

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31
Q

define Basal metabolic rate (5)

A

BMR is the body’s rate of energy expenditure under basal
conditions
- person is awake,
- at physical and mental rest, lying down,
- no muscle movement
- at a comfortable temperature
- fasted 12-18 hours

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32
Q

What connects the two hemisphere of the brain?

A

corpus collosum

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33
Q

Sensory neurons are usually what polar?

A

Unipolar

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34
Q

motor neurons are usually what polar?

A

multipolar

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35
Q

Does growth hormone inhibit the release of GHRH??

A

No it doesnt!

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36
Q
  1. Adrenaline have the effect of i _____, glucagon have the effect of ii. ____, cortisol have the effect of iii. _____.
A

i. Glycogenolysis
ii. glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
iii. gluconeogenesis.

Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose
Gluconeogenesis - the formation of glucose from non carbohydrates molecule (amino acid)

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37
Q

True or False

A single muscle fibre can be innervated by more than one neuron

A

FALSE! never, or else they get confused

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38
Q

Examples of
Somatic/visceral sensory (4)
Special sensory (5)

A 
somatic/visceral sensory
- touch
- pain
- temperature
- proprioception (body position)
Special sensory
- vision
- hearing
- taste
- smell 
Vestibular (balance)
39
Q

3 types of synapses

A

Axodendritic (axon to dendrite)
Axosomatic (axon to cell body)
Axoaxonic (axon to axon)

40
Q

Autonomic nerves system
Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic

Sympathetic neurotransmitters??? and receptor (remember exceptions)
Parasympathetic neurotransmitter??? and receptor

A

Sympathetic neuron
first neuron ACH second neuron NOR
EXCEPTION! second neuron ACH for - Sweat glands and hair - Receptor known as Cholinergic (muscarininc) receptors

Receptors: Cholinergic (Nicotinic) receptors (ACH receptor) 
Adrenergic receptors (many types) for NOR

Parasympathetic
cholinergic preganglionic neuron
Choloinergic post ganglionic (ACH for post)　

41
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system leave the CNS?

A

Craniosacral

42
Q

Where does the spinal cord start?

A

Foramen magnum (big hole at neck level)

43
Q

8 bones of the cranium

3 Sutures

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, mandible, sphenoid, ethmoid
Coronal suture
squamous suture
lambloidal suture

44
Q

Arachnoid granulations formed by which layer? (function? check notes if dunno)

A

extension of arachnoid layer

45
Q

Role of cerebellum (main function and 4 steps)

A

co-ordination (intergration between motor and sensory system)
Motor cortex initiates movement, copy of instruction sent to cerebellum
sensory information also sent to cerebellum
information compared
adjust motor output for coordination

46
Q

Basal nuclei function (main function) (2)

A

modify movement using a loop system with the cortex
initiate/terminates movement
selects appropriate /inhibition of inappropriate movement

47
Q

main 3 anions in body

A

Cl- HCO3 - (bi carbonate) proteins (-)

48
Q

how does action potential occur? (4 steps) include what happens to membrane potential

A
  1. stimulus trigger stimulus gated Na+ channel causing membrane to depolarize
  2. When threshold frequency of -59mV is reached, voltage gated Na+ channel open causing membrane to depolarize further
  3. when +30mV is reached, voltage gated Na+ channel close,Voltage gate K+ channel open causing membrane to repolarize
  4. brief hyperpolarization, then RMP restored by Na+/K+ ATPase returning to resting state
49
Q

components of chemical synapse? (10)

A 
voltage gated Na+ K+ Ca+ Cl-
Stimulus gated Na+
neurotransmitter
cytoskeleton 
mitochondria 
ATPase 
G protein receptor
50
Q

muscle contraction

Relaxation (3)

A
  1. No new action potential, sarcolemma repolarises/Ca2+ not released,
  2. reuptake of Ca2+ by Ca2+ pumps requiring ATP
    3 Myosin head and actin filament crossbridge broken by ATP
51
Q

What type of muscle would endurance athlete have

A

Red/slow and intermediate muscle

52
Q

Define Tetanus

A

series of twitches (causing constant tension)

53
Q

difference between sensory receptors of special sensory and others

A

seperate receptor cells for special sensory

other receptors just on its own

54
Q

function of meissners corpuscle

A

detects low f vibrations and tension on the skin

55
Q

what are the 4 types of glia cells in CNS?

A

Astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal

56
Q

Oligodendrocytes function (2 functions)

A

support nerve fibres like astrocytes

produce myelin in CNS

57
Q

venous sinus formed by which layer? (function?? check notes if dunno)

A

dura mater

58
Q

disease associated with basal nuclei malfunction?

A

parkison disease

59
Q

main 3 cation in body

A

Na+ K+ Ca2+

60
Q

What type of muslce would sprinters have?

A

white/fast and intermediate muscles

61
Q

Compare cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
Function, Shape,Striation, Control, action potential from cell to cell, speed of contraction, type of filament regulation, T-tubuli

A

gotta check answer in notes

62
Q

Examples of Single unit and multi unit smooth muslce

A

Single unit - digestive system, urinary, reproductive

Multi unit- eye muscle, blood vessel, Skin

63
Q

7 facial bones (and how many internal?)

A

Nasal, maxillary, mandible, zygomatic

˙7 internal

64
Q

3 dural reflections

A

Falx cerebri
Flax cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli

65
Q 
Depolarise value =
repolarize value =
hyperpolarization value=
threshorld value=
action max depolarize value =
A 
Depolarise value = greater than -70mV
repolarize value = back towards -70mV
hyperpolarization value= less than -70mV
threshorld value= -59mV
action max depolarize value =+30mV
66
Q

why does action potential travel in one direction? (2 types)

A

Refractory periods
absolute –> no response
relative –> only a large stimulus can cause response

67
Q

types of synapse? (2)

A

chemical and electrical

68
Q

process of synaptic transmission 6 steps

A
  1. action potential propergates to synaptic knob
  2. synaptic knob depolarises stimulated Ca2+ ions to open
  3. Ca2+ ions cause release of neurotransmitter in synaptic knob
  4. nuerotransmitter diffuse through synaptic cleft
  5. neurotransmitter bind to specific receptors
    6 stimulus Na+ channels open (causing depolarise i.e AP)
69
Q

Define twitch

A

a single electrical stimulation of a muscle causing a single activation of motor units

70
Q

Three types of white matter in the brain (3 tracts)

A

Commissural tracts - left to right (example: corpus collosum)
Projection tract - cortex down to spine
association tract - between different areas of the brain

71
Q

two different summations

A

spacial - inputs add up at synaptic knob

temporal - inputs in a short time causing summation

72
Q

Energy source of contraction and time avaliable

and resynthesis

A

ATP-2-4s
CP - 20s
Resynthesis via aerobic and anarobic respiration

73
Q 
Types of muscle fibre (3)  Compare...
Speed
Oxygen binding amount
Amount of aerobic enzyme 
type of muscle fibre 
Example
Function: 
Rate of interaction with actin 
Speed of force production 
speed of Energy consumption 
type of respiration used
A

check answers in notes

74
Q

Smooth muscle contraction (4 steps)

A
  1. Action potential or hormone trigger calcium rise in sarcoplasm
  2. Calcium binds to Calmodulin forming complex
  3. Calmodulin complex triggers MLCK (enzyme)
    4 MLCK activate MLC activating cross bridge
75
Q

Define reflex

A

A predictable reproducible automatic response to a particular sensory system

76
Q

Structure of peripheral nerves

A 
Axon (myelinated or not) 
Endoneurium 
bundles of axon fascile
Perineurium 
Bundle of fasicle with blood vessicle (nerve)
Epineurium
77
Q

Corticospinal cortex goes from?

A

primary motor cortex (cell body) –> spinal cord –> ventral horn –> axon to muscle

78
Q

Muscle contraction

Excitation (5 steps)

A
  1. action potential reaches end of motor neuron causing an influx of Ca2+ ions synaptic knob
  2. Ca2+ cause release of neurotransmitter diffuses into the synpatic clef
  3. ACH stimulates ACH receptors on adjacent muscle fibres
  4. depolarises the muscle sarcolemma
    5 action potential travels over sarcolemma and T tubules triggering the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
79
Q

conduction speed of action potential in large mammals?

A

50-70m/sec

80
Q

4 Sensory information coding

A

modility -type (what)
Intensity - amount (how much
duration -(how long)
Location - receptor field (where)

81
Q

Strength training results in (3 points) (technical term for one of the points)

Endurance training results in…? (3 points)

A

increase in contractile filament-hypertrophy (atrophy - lose of contractile filament)
more contraction power
improve anaerobic metabolism

Endurance-
more blood vessel,
more mitochondria more
aerobic enzyme

82
Q

Function of Microglia

A

Immune system of nervous system

engulf micro organisms and broken up material

83
Q

where is schwann cells found and its function (2 function)

A

support peripheral nerve cells

ensheath them with myelin

84
Q

Where do sympathetic neurons leave the spinal area?

A

Thoracolumbar region

85
Q

Function of ruffins corpuscle

A

detect stretch intense TOUCH

86
Q

muscle contraction

contraction (3)

A
  1. Ca2+ ions binds to troponum on actin filament, changing the shape of the tropomoyson revealing myosin minding site
  2. myosin bind to the active site on actin forming crossbridge
  3. myosin head pulls on actin causing contractiong (power stroke)
87
Q

function of Krause end bulb and Pacini corpuscle (same function)

A

Detect high f vibrations for texture sensation

88
Q

what are the 4 zones and basic structure of each zone in a neuron

A

input zone-dendrites
summation zone-action hillock
conduction zone- axon
output zone - axon terminal know as bouton

89
Q

Somatic motor neuron structure

i.e how many neurons? cell body in? axon in?

A

1 neuron between CNS and effector
cell body in spinal cord
axon in spinal nerves (PNS)

90
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

end of lumbar 1 (i.e start of lumbar 2)

91
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic ramus??

A

communicates spinal cord with sympathetic ganglia chain

92
Q

Ventricular system flow order

A

choroid plexus (froms CSF) - lateral ventricles –> 3rd ventricles –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricles –> sub arachnoid space –> venous sinuses –> venous blood stream

93
Q

True or false

A single neuron can makes contact with one or several muscle fibre

A

True! they can, but each muscle fibre can’t be innervated by more than one neuron

94
Q

Ependymal cells function (and particular structure)

A

line fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord

have cilia to circulate CSF

HUBS (1 decks)

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