Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HUBS > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid hormone function (metabolism and growth)

A

metabolism

  • increase body heat production
  • stimulate fat mobilisation
  • stimulate carbohydrate matebolism
  • also promotes protein breakdown to allow amino acids to form glucose *gluceogenesis

Growth
- essential for brain development during fetal & neonatal brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of astrocyte glia cells (3 functions)

A

supply nutrients to neuron
Ensheath (enclose) blood capillaries
Transmit information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autonomic nerves system neuron structure
How many neurons between CNS and effector?
cell bodies where?
Axon where? myelinated or not?
neurotransmitter?

A

2 neurons between CNS and effector
Neuron #1 cell body in CNS axon in PNS myelinated
Neuron #2 cell body and axon in PNS unmyelinated

Neurotransmitter-ACH for first neuron, ACH or NOR in second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many pairs of ganglia in the sympathetic chain ganglia

A

21-23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Conus medularis, Filum terminal and Coccygeal???

A

Triangle shape at the end of the spinal cord - connective tissue
that connects the Flium terminal to coccygeal Triangle shape at the end of the spinal cord - connective tissue
that connects the Flium terminal to coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which end of the spine is sensory and which end is motor??

A

Dorsal-sensory

Ventral-motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 layers of meninges - appearance, function and structure of each

A

Dura mater - dense fibrous layer, tough for protection
note* 2 layers, outer periosteal, and inner meningeal

Arachnoid- contains blood vessel, sits on ‘post’ on top of pia mater
produces space for CSF to circulate and act likes a gel cushion

Pia mater - transparent and delicate,adheres (attach) to brain and follows gyri and sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blockage of ventricle system causes??? causes…? (and in infants?)

A

hydrocephalus
build up of intracranial pressure

infants, sutures have no close, causing there head to expand/enlargement of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

switching off of synapse 3 ways

A

degredation - enzymes
reuptake - through protein channels back into knob
reuptake (via diffusion) into glia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

non corticospinal tract controls/maintains:

A

posture, walking, chewing, smiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

coticospinal pathway goes from what to what

A

Primary motor cotex
down corticospinal tract in spinal cord
crossover at medulla
synapse onto lower motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define hormone

A

hormone is a molecule synthesised by endocrine cells that moves into the bloodstream that affect the function of specifically receptive organs or tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
Water soluble  
Chemical classification 
storage
transport
receptors
mechanism of action
speed of response
example
A

Chemical classification: peptides and Catecholamines
Storage: Both peptides and catecholamines stored
made in gland cells and stored in vesicles until required via exocytosis
transport: Travel and dissolved in blood
Receptors: Cell surface/ on membrane
Mechanism of action: cascade — with 2nd messanger
speed of response: Fast (milliseconds–> seconds)
example: insulin and epinerphrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
lipid soluble  
Chemical classification 
storage
transport
receptors
mechanism of action
speed of response
example
A

Chemical classification: Thyroid hormones and steroid
storage: thyroid hormones made in thyroid cells, stored until required (stored)
steroid made from cholesterol when needed (not stored)
transport: travel in the bloodstream bound to carrier protein
receptors: receptors in the cytosol or nucleus
mechanism of action: controls gene transcription
speed of response: Slow (hours-days) as gene transcription requires time like forming mRNA, forming peptide
example: cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Posterior pituitary gland secrets what hormones and their funtion:

A

Oxytocin

  • stretch of uterine muscle during birth
  • ejection of milk

vasopressin (antidendric hormone)
- Regulates ECF concentration (acts on kidney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anterior pituitary gland responsible for what hormones

A 
growth hormone
prolactin
thyroid hormone 
Cortisol (remember ACTH C stands for cortisol) 
And also FSH and LH but not learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

growth hormone secretion process and function

and relation to the organ liver

A

growth hormone is a non-tropic hormone, and is secreted with a daily pattern
GHRH neruon stimulatesd causing release of Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamas
GHRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone which diffueses into the bloodstream to specific organs

growth hormone stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) inhibiting the secretion of GHRH and stimulate somatotroph neurons (SS neuron) to inhib secretion of GHRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Growth hormone function

long term and short term

A

long term
- stimulate growth in bone, muscle and tissue (by stimulating cell division) - done via insulin-life growth factor
- stimulate protein synthesis in muscle
Short term
- increase blood glucose by stimulating glucose synthesiss in liver and inhibits cellular uptake of glucose
- fat mobilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prolactin function:

A

Many
- breast development
- stimulate milk synthesis
Note: non-tropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q 
Cortisol function (metabolic and other) 
(released from?)
A

adrenal cortex

Metabolic

  • increase protein breakdown and decrease glucose uptake in muscle
  • fat mobilazation
  • increase glucose synthesis in liver

other
helps one cope with stress
suppresses immune system
essential for normal blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Not sufficient thyroid hormone causes:

A

Growth retardation- cretinism in children myxedema in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Calcitonin secreted from? Function

A

thyroid gland
when Ca2+ levels are too high

function
- increase osteoblast activity, decrease osteoclast actiivty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how much percentage of Ca is in blood stream? how much in bone?

A

1% in blood stream 99% bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone secreted from? (duhhh)

function

A

parathyroid hormone
When Ca2+ level is low

function:
- increase osteoclast activity, decrease osteoblast activity
- increase phosphate secretion in urine (to decrease formation of hydroxyapatite)
- decrease glucose secretion in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
insulin secreted from? function
pancreas - beta cells (also sensor) when glucose levels are too high Function: - absorbtion of glucose in liver storing as glycogen - increase glucose uptake in muscle and fat storing as glycogen and fatty acid
26
glucagon secreted by? Function
pancreas -alpha cells (also sensor) when glucose levels are too low function: (opposite of insulin) - stimulate liver to break down glycogen to form glucose - break down of fat for glucose - break down of protein in muscle - to form glucose with amino acids - increase formation of ketone ( as another replacement of glucose)
27
hormones that increase blood glucose concentration are? (4)
cortisol, Ep, growth hormone and glucagon
28
epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted from: functions?
adrenal medulla - increase breakdown of glycogen to glucose - fat mobilization - activates sympathetic nervous system
29
``` Anterior pituitary gland cells percentage and cells that secrete: Prolactin ACTH FSH and LH Thyroid stimulate hormone Growth hormone ```
Growth hormone - 50% by somatotrophs (remember by SS neurons in the inhibition of growth hormone) Prolactin - 20% - by mammotrophs (mamm for mum? milk synthesis and breast development) ACTH - 20% - by corticotrophs (ACTH responsible for cortisol so corticotrophs) Thyroid stimulating hormone - 5% by thyrotrophs (thyroid- thyro) FSH and LH - 5% by gonadotrophs (secreted by gonads hence gonadotrophs)
30
hormone responsible for stress response
cortisol and EP & NOR (ACTH) Note: hypothalamas releases corticotropin releasing hormone
31
define Basal metabolic rate (5)
BMR is the body’s rate of energy expenditure under basal conditions - person is awake, - at physical and mental rest, lying down, - no muscle movement - at a comfortable temperature - fasted 12-18 hours
32
What connects the two hemisphere of the brain?
corpus collosum
33
Sensory neurons are usually what polar?
Unipolar
34
motor neurons are usually what polar?
multipolar
35
Does growth hormone inhibit the release of GHRH??
No it doesnt!
36
4. Adrenaline have the effect of i _____, glucagon have the effect of ii. ____, cortisol have the effect of iii. _____.
i. Glycogenolysis ii. glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis iii. gluconeogenesis. Glycogenolysis - the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose Gluconeogenesis - the formation of glucose from non carbohydrates molecule (amino acid)
37
True or False | A single muscle fibre can be innervated by more than one neuron
FALSE! never, or else they get confused
38
Examples of Somatic/visceral sensory (4) Special sensory (5)
``` somatic/visceral sensory - touch - pain - temperature - proprioception (body position) Special sensory - vision - hearing - taste - smell Vestibular (balance) ```
39
3 types of synapses
Axodendritic (axon to dendrite) Axosomatic (axon to cell body) Axoaxonic (axon to axon)
40
Autonomic nerves system Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic Sympathetic neurotransmitters??? and receptor (remember exceptions) Parasympathetic neurotransmitter??? and receptor
Sympathetic neuron first neuron ACH second neuron NOR EXCEPTION! second neuron ACH for - Sweat glands and hair - Receptor known as Cholinergic (muscarininc) receptors ``` Receptors: Cholinergic (Nicotinic) receptors (ACH receptor) Adrenergic receptors (many types) for NOR ``` Parasympathetic cholinergic preganglionic neuron Choloinergic post ganglionic (ACH for post)　
41
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system leave the CNS?
Craniosacral
42
Where does the spinal cord start?
Foramen magnum (big hole at neck level)
43
8 bones of the cranium | 3 Sutures
Frontal, parietal, occipital, mandible, sphenoid, ethmoid Coronal suture squamous suture lambloidal suture
44
Arachnoid granulations formed by which layer? (function? check notes if dunno)
extension of arachnoid layer
45
Role of cerebellum (main function and 4 steps)
co-ordination (intergration between motor and sensory system) Motor cortex initiates movement, copy of instruction sent to cerebellum sensory information also sent to cerebellum information compared adjust motor output for coordination
46
Basal nuclei function (main function) (2)
modify movement using a loop system with the cortex initiate/terminates movement selects appropriate /inhibition of inappropriate movement
47
main 3 anions in body
Cl- HCO3 - (bi carbonate) proteins (-)
48
how does action potential occur? (4 steps) include what happens to membrane potential
1. stimulus trigger stimulus gated Na+ channel causing membrane to depolarize 2. When threshold frequency of -59mV is reached, voltage gated Na+ channel open causing membrane to depolarize further 3. when +30mV is reached, voltage gated Na+ channel close,Voltage gate K+ channel open causing membrane to repolarize 4. brief hyperpolarization, then RMP restored by Na+/K+ ATPase returning to resting state
49
components of chemical synapse? (10)
``` voltage gated Na+ K+ Ca+ Cl- Stimulus gated Na+ neurotransmitter cytoskeleton mitochondria ATPase G protein receptor ```
50
muscle contraction | Relaxation (3)
1. No new action potential, sarcolemma repolarises/Ca2+ not released, 2. reuptake of Ca2+ by Ca2+ pumps requiring ATP 3 Myosin head and actin filament crossbridge broken by ATP
51
What type of muscle would endurance athlete have
Red/slow and intermediate muscle
52
Define Tetanus
series of twitches (causing constant tension)
53
difference between sensory receptors of special sensory and others
seperate receptor cells for special sensory | other receptors just on its own
54
function of meissners corpuscle
detects low f vibrations and tension on the skin
55
what are the 4 types of glia cells in CNS?
Astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal
56
Oligodendrocytes function (2 functions)
support nerve fibres like astrocytes | produce myelin in CNS
57
venous sinus formed by which layer? (function?? check notes if dunno)
dura mater
58
disease associated with basal nuclei malfunction?
parkison disease
59
main 3 cation in body
Na+ K+ Ca2+
60
What type of muslce would sprinters have?
white/fast and intermediate muscles
61
Compare cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle Function, Shape,Striation, Control, action potential from cell to cell, speed of contraction, type of filament regulation, T-tubuli
gotta check answer in notes
62
Examples of Single unit and multi unit smooth muslce
Single unit - digestive system, urinary, reproductive | Multi unit- eye muscle, blood vessel, Skin
63
7 facial bones (and how many internal?)
Nasal, maxillary, mandible, zygomatic | ˙7 internal
64
3 dural reflections
Falx cerebri Flax cerebelli Tentorium cerebelli
65
``` Depolarise value = repolarize value = hyperpolarization value= threshorld value= action max depolarize value = ```
``` Depolarise value = greater than -70mV repolarize value = back towards -70mV hyperpolarization value= less than -70mV threshorld value= -59mV action max depolarize value =+30mV ```
66
why does action potential travel in one direction? (2 types)
Refractory periods absolute --> no response relative --> only a large stimulus can cause response
67
types of synapse? (2)
chemical and electrical
68
process of synaptic transmission 6 steps
1. action potential propergates to synaptic knob 2. synaptic knob depolarises stimulated Ca2+ ions to open 3. Ca2+ ions cause release of neurotransmitter in synaptic knob 4. nuerotransmitter diffuse through synaptic cleft 5. neurotransmitter bind to specific receptors 6 stimulus Na+ channels open (causing depolarise i.e AP)
69
Define twitch
a single electrical stimulation of a muscle causing a single activation of motor units
70
Three types of white matter in the brain (3 tracts)
Commissural tracts - left to right (example: corpus collosum) Projection tract - cortex down to spine association tract - between different areas of the brain
71
two different summations
spacial - inputs add up at synaptic knob | temporal - inputs in a short time causing summation
72
Energy source of contraction and time avaliable | and resynthesis
ATP-2-4s CP - 20s Resynthesis via aerobic and anarobic respiration
73
``` Types of muscle fibre (3) Compare... Speed Oxygen binding amount Amount of aerobic enzyme type of muscle fibre Example Function: Rate of interaction with actin Speed of force production speed of Energy consumption type of respiration used ```
check answers in notes
74
Smooth muscle contraction (4 steps)
1. Action potential or hormone trigger calcium rise in sarcoplasm 2. Calcium binds to Calmodulin forming complex 3. Calmodulin complex triggers MLCK (enzyme) 4 MLCK activate MLC activating cross bridge
75
Define reflex
A predictable reproducible automatic response to a particular sensory system
76
Structure of peripheral nerves
``` Axon (myelinated or not) Endoneurium bundles of axon fascile Perineurium Bundle of fasicle with blood vessicle (nerve) Epineurium ```
77
Corticospinal cortex goes from?
primary motor cortex (cell body) --> spinal cord --> ventral horn --> axon to muscle
78
Muscle contraction | Excitation (5 steps)
1. action potential reaches end of motor neuron causing an influx of Ca2+ ions synaptic knob 2. Ca2+ cause release of neurotransmitter diffuses into the synpatic clef 3. ACH stimulates ACH receptors on adjacent muscle fibres 4. depolarises the muscle sarcolemma 5 action potential travels over sarcolemma and T tubules triggering the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
79
conduction speed of action potential in large mammals?
50-70m/sec
80
4 Sensory information coding
modility -type (what) Intensity - amount (how much duration -(how long) Location - receptor field (where)
81
Strength training results in (3 points) (technical term for one of the points) Endurance training results in...? (3 points)
increase in contractile filament-hypertrophy (atrophy - lose of contractile filament) more contraction power improve anaerobic metabolism Endurance- more blood vessel, more mitochondria more aerobic enzyme
82
Function of Microglia
Immune system of nervous system | engulf micro organisms and broken up material
83
where is schwann cells found and its function (2 function)
support peripheral nerve cells | ensheath them with myelin
84
Where do sympathetic neurons leave the spinal area?
Thoracolumbar region
85
Function of ruffins corpuscle
detect stretch intense TOUCH
86
muscle contraction | contraction (3)
1. Ca2+ ions binds to troponum on actin filament, changing the shape of the tropomoyson revealing myosin minding site 2. myosin bind to the active site on actin forming crossbridge 3. myosin head pulls on actin causing contractiong (power stroke)
87
function of Krause end bulb and Pacini corpuscle (same function)
Detect high f vibrations for texture sensation
88
what are the 4 zones and basic structure of each zone in a neuron
input zone-dendrites summation zone-action hillock conduction zone- axon output zone - axon terminal know as bouton
89
Somatic motor neuron structure | i.e how many neurons? cell body in? axon in?
1 neuron between CNS and effector cell body in spinal cord axon in spinal nerves (PNS)
90
Where does the spinal cord end?
end of lumbar 1 (i.e start of lumbar 2)
91
What is the function of the sympathetic ramus??
communicates spinal cord with sympathetic ganglia chain
92
Ventricular system flow order
choroid plexus (froms CSF) - lateral ventricles --> 3rd ventricles --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricles --> sub arachnoid space --> venous sinuses --> venous blood stream
93
True or false | A single neuron can makes contact with one or several muscle fibre
True! they can, but each muscle fibre can't be innervated by more than one neuron
94
Ependymal cells function (and particular structure)
line fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord | have cilia to circulate CSF

HUBS (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions