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PHGY 170 > Module 2-4 > Flashcards

Module 2-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of nucleotides

A

A nitrogen base
Ribose (5 carbon sugar)
A phosphate group

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2
Q

What are the two nitrogen base categories?

A

Purines -have 2 rings (Adenine & Guanine are Purines)

Pyrimidines -have one ring (Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are Pyrimidines)

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3
Q

What are the two ribose?

A

Ribose (RNA)

2-deoxyribose (DNA)

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4
Q

What are 5’ and 3’

A

These are labeled carbons in rivose, 5’ end it where phosphate is attached

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5
Q

What are phosphates?

A

In DNA, phosphates are the “sugar-phosphate backbone”

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6
Q

What is step 1 of the DNA strand formation?

A

A nucleotide is added to the 3’ of an existing chain.

Its phosphate binds to the oxygen on the 3’ sugar

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7
Q

What is step 2 of the DNA strand formation?

A

A diphosphate is formed as a byproduct

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8
Q

What is step 3 of the DNA strand formation

A

A phosphodiester bond is formed between the new nucleotide and the existing strand of DNA

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9
Q

What direction are nucleotides attached?

A

5’ to 3’

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10
Q

Why does DNA form a double helix?

A

Nitrogen bases are hydrophobic

Phosphate backbone is hydrophilic

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11
Q

What are genes?

A

Small pieces of DNA that contain information to make a protein. (Coding DNA)

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12
Q

What amount of a gene is used to make protein?

A

Most of a gene isn’t used

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13
Q

Who solved the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

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14
Q

What is the fundamental structural unit of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

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15
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA is a nucleic acid similar to DNA, primarily tells the cell what kinds of proteins to make

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16
Q

Structural differences of DNA and RNA.

A

RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine
RNA uses ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA is single-stranded, therefore it is less stable

17
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

Messenger (mRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)

18
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

carries instructions to making protein in the cell

19
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes to build protein

20
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

rRNA is a part of ribosomes

21
Q

What are the 5 levels of DNA packaging

A
  1. Double Helix
  2. Nucleosomes (beads on a string)
  3. Chromatin fiber
  4. Looped domains
  5. a) Folded looped domains
  6. b) Chromosomes
22
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

A set of principles that explain how DNA contains instructions for building RNA & Proteins

23
Q

What are the 3 components of the central dogma?

A
  1. Replication (DNA -> DNA)
  2. Transcription (DNA -> RNA)
  3. Translation (RNA -> Protein)
24
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

DNA is copied during cell division, the major enzyme is DNA polymerase

25
Q

What is DNA transcription?

A

A section of DNA info is transcribed into RNA so the info can leave the nucleus, the major enzyme is RNA polymerase

26
Q

What is RNA translation?

A

RNA is read and translated to produce proteins, the major enzymes are ribosomes

27
Q

When is DNA most vulnerable?

A

During replication. Bonds are broken

28
Q

Why is DNA replication semi-conservative

A

The original strand is conserved

29
Q

What are the 4 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. Unwinding the DNA
  2. RNA primers bind to unwound strands
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination
30
Q

How is DNA unwound?

A

DNA helicase unwinds the 2 strands

31
Q

What enzyme allows for DNA replication to begin?

A

Primase

32
Q

What enzyme copies single strands of DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

33
Q

What direction does DNA polymerase move

A

3’ -> 5’

34
Q

What are the Okazaki fragments?

A

OFs are fragments of DNA synthesized off of primers on the lagging strand

35
Q

What joins the Okazaki fragments?

A

Ligase

36
Q

What prevents DNA shortening at the end of the replication

A

Telomeres, which are attached with telomerase

PHGY 170 (1 decks)

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