Module 2 Flashcards
What is syndesmosis?
A connection of bone by ligament.
What is sacrolemma?
The delicate plasma membrane covering every striated muscle fiber.
What is a Z-line?
An anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sacromere.
What is lactic acid called in horses?
Pyruvic acid.
What is epiphysitis and how is it caused? And how do you recognize it?
Equine rickets; usually affects large bones, occurring when joints become enlarged. Caused by overfeeding young horses. Recognized by slight lameness.
How do you know that muscle is toned?
Muscle is relaxed but fibers are contracting first one group then another. It’s not visible, but muscle stays firm, healthy and ready for action.
What are common types of body movements?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, Circumduction, pronation, supination, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
What does bone store?
Minerals and calcium.
What does a fixator do and give me an example?
Muscles that hold a bone still or stabilized. Vertebral column are fixators as well as attaching the scapula to the thoracic.
What are synergists?
When a muscle crosses two or more joints the synergist stabilizes the joint. Antagonist and synergist muscles also have effect on smooth, coordinated and precise movements.
What is a prime mover?
A prime mover has a major responsibility for causing a particular movement.
What are the 3 types of joints?
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthiosis, and diarthosis
What is synarthosis?
Immoveable joint. Examples: axial skeleton and sutures
What is amphiarthiosis?
Slightly moveable. Examples Axial skeleton and between the vertebra
What is diarthrosis?
Freely moveable. Example limbs and articulation
The skeleton is divided into two divisions, what are they called and examples.
Axial Skeleton: the whole skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton: limbs and pelvis
Extra: Skeletal system: joints, cartilage and ligaments.
What is isometrically contracting and give an example?
Muscle contracts but doesn’t shorten. Example pushing against a wall.
What are isotonic contractions and give examples.
Muscle contraction in which tension continues while length of muscle decreases during mechanical work. The muscle contracts and shortens. Examples: bending knee, rotating arms and smile.
What is periosteum?
Hundreds of connective tissue fibers called sharpy’s fibers. They cover the outside of the bone.
What is aerobic?
Requiring the present of air/oxygen.
What is anaerobic?
Live in the absence of air or oxygen. Creates lactic acid and muscle fatigue.
What attaches the Z line?
Actin
What attaches the M line?
Myosin
Why are myosin heads sometimes called cross bridges?
Because they link the thin to the think filaments together during contraction.
What do you need to absorb calcium?
Vitamin D
What is a neuron?
Nerve fiber or axon
What is the gap between muscle and nerves called?
Synaptic Cleft which is filled with fluid interstitial fluid
What does sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) release?
They release stored calcium ions.
Muscle stores how much ATP?
4-6 seconds worth
ATP is the only energy source can be used directly to power a muscle. True or False
True
Why do we need to learn about the banding pattern?
Because the banding pattern reveals the working structure of the myofibrils. First, we find that myofibrils are actually chains of tiny contractile unites called sarcomeres, which are aligned end to end like box cars in a train along the myofibrils. Second, it is the arrangement of even smaller structures (myofilaments) with in sarcomeres that actually produce the banding pattern.
What is a ligament made of?
Organic compound (amino acids), fibroblasts
What do steroids do to the body?
Harden tissue.
Whats the other word for sternum?
Manubrium
What is hypertonic?
To much/big. (does hurt) (sweat patterns)
What is hypotonic?
Atrophy (does not hurt) (no sweat patterns)
What is another way to flush out a horses muscle without using your hands but another object?
Heat and cold
Do not stretch a hypertonic muscle because?
It will tear.
How do you address a muscle that is attached only rib to rib?
Move the sternum
When you have a deep muscle that is stressed with the muscles on top being weak, what does that mean?
Nervous system problems
What are the 4 types of muscles?
1) skeletal
2) cardiac
3) nerve
4) visseral
How do you deal with muscle memory?
- give the owner exercises to do like bending towards the spasm and apply heat
- BIGGEST EXERCISE: back them up a lot
- for a muscle to relax after being stretched is less than 15 seconds
How many hours to retrain the muscle to go back to a normal state?
36 hours
Explain Effleurage.
Warm up muscle tissue and connective tissue. Investigate of the tissue while warming up. Lowers pain and builds a connection. Releases endorphins.
Explain Kneading
Releases deeper structures (toxins), stretching movement, releases microtears and breaks down muscle.
When would you not use kneading?
Do not use on acute injury, hypersensitive horses, scar tissue, or if heat is present. Also no kneading hard on a horse with low muscle tone. But still need to break it down as it helps stimulate growth.
Explain Flushing
Long, heavy slow strokes to the heart. Flat hand with fingers in the direction of fibres. Moves toxins out (lymph).
When would you do flushing?
It is a finishing treatment or if you have a hypersensitive horse.
What kind of flushing would you do with edma or sick horses?
Squeezing and pumping in a rhythm to help activate lymph nodes and drainage. (be very careful as you can make a sick horse sicker) Also could colic.
In general, graded muscle contractions can be produced in two ways:
1) by changing the speed of the muscle stimulation
2) by changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated
Although tetanus also produces stronger muscle contractions, its primary role is?
Is to produce smooth and prolonged muscle contractions.
How forcefully a muscle contracts depends to a large extent on how many of its cells are ____.
Stimulated.
Where is creatine phosphate found?
In muscle fibers but not other cell types.
As ATP is high, interactions between CP and ADP result in transfers of a high-energy phosphate group from CP and ADP, thus regenerating more ATP in a fraction of a second. True or False.
False. As ATP is being depleted.
Muscle cells store perhaps _____ times as much ____ as ______, the ____ supplies are also soon exhausted in about _____ ______.
five, CP, ATP, CP, 20 seconds
What are the three pathways for ATP regeneration?
1) Direct phosphorylation of ATP by creatine phosphate
2) Aerobic Respiration
3) Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
During heavy exercises, ATP is regenerated almost entirely by metabolic pathways that use oxygen. True or False
False. At rest and light exercise
What happens during aerobic respiration?
Glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water, and some of the energy released as the bond are broken is captured in the bonds of ATP molecules.
How many ATPS can one glucose make during aerobic respiration?
36 ATP
What is the downfall of aerobic respiration?
Although it provides a rich ATP harvest, it is fairly slow and requires continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrient fuels to the muscle to keep it going.
How many ATP is made from 1 glucose during anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation?
2 ATP
What happens during glycolysis?
Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol, glucose is broken down to Pyruvic acid and small amounts of energy are captured in ATP bonds.
The initial steps of glucose breakdown occurs via a pathway called glycolysis, which does not use oxygen, and hence is an anaerobic part of the metabolic pathway. True or False
True
How do synergists help prime movers?
By producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement.
Besides contributing to body shape and form, our bones perform several important body functions:
1) support
2) protection
3) movement
4) storage
5) blood cell formation or hematopoiesis
How does bone support help with several important body functions?
Bones form the internal framework that supports and anchors all soft organs. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall.
How does bone help protect?
Bones protect soft body organs. Example skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the vital organs.
How does bone help with movement?
Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
How does bone help with storage?
Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones.
Bone itself serves as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being ____ and _____, although others are stored as well.
Calcium and phosphorus.
What is the importance for a small amount of calcium in its ion form to be present in the blood at all times?
For the nervous system to transmit messages, for muscles to contract and for blood to clot.
What controls the movement of calcium to and from the bones and blood according to the needs of the body?
Hormones
There are two basic types of bone tissue:
1) compact bone
2) spongy bone
What is another word for bone tissue?
Osseous
What is compact bone tissue?
It is dense and looks smooth and homogenous.
Describe spongy tissue.
Is composed of small needle like pieces of bone and lots of open space.
What are long bones?
Are typically longer than they are wide. Long bones are mostly compact bone. All the bones of the limbs.
What are short bones?
Are generally cube shaped and contain mostly spongy bone. The bones of the knee or carpel bones are short bones.
What are flat bones?
Are thin, flattened and usually curved. They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Examples are the skull, the ribs and the sternum.
What are irregular bones?
Bones that do not fit one of the other categories. The vertebrae and hip bones fall into this group. Same with sesamoids.
What is diaphysis?
A shaft that makes up most of the long bones length, and composed of compact bone. Covered and protected by periosteum
What is epiphysis?
The ends of long bones.
What is articular cartilage?
Instead of periosteum, covers its external surface. Because the articular cartilage is glassy hyaline cartilage, it provides a smooth, slippery, surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces.
What is epiphyseal plate?
A flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone.
Epiphyseal plates cause what?
The lengthwise growth of a long bone by the end of puberty, when hormones stop long bone growth, epiphyseal plates have been completely replaced by bone, leaving only the epiphyseal lines to mark there previous location.
What is yellow marrow or medullary cavity?
Is adipose (fat) tissue stored in the shaft in adults.
What is red marrow?
Is stored in the shaft of young and infants, this area forms blood cells. Red marrow is confined to the cavities of spongy tissue of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones.
In addition to bones, the skeletal system includes?
Joints, cartilage and ligaments.
What are osteocytes?
Are found in tiny cavities within the matrix called lacunae
As long bone grows in length, new _______ is formed on the external face of the _______ _______ and ______ ____, as the old _________ nearer the medullary cavity is broken down and replaced by bone.
Cartilage, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, cartilage
The second process of long bone growth is controlled by _____, most importantly ______ ______ and during puberty, the sex hormones, it ends during adolescence when the epiphyseal plates are completely converted to bone.
hormones, growth hormone
Bones are remodelled continually in response to changes in two factors:
1) calcium levels in the blood
2) the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
When the blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels, what gland is stimulated? And what does it activate?
Parathyroid Gland is stimulated to release parathyroid hormones into the blood to activate osteoclasts to break down bone matrix to release calcium ions into the blood.
What is the importance of bone remodelling?
It is essential if bones are to retain normal proportions and strength during long-bone growth as the body increases in size and weight.
When osteoblasts lay down new matrix they become trapped within in, and once trapped they become?
Osteocytes or mature bone cells.
Bone Fracture: Simple
Bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin.
Bone Fracture: Compound
Broken ends of the bone protrudes though the soft tissue and skin
Bone Fracture: Comminuted
Bone breaks into many fragments
Bone FractureL Compression
Bone is crushed
Bone Fracture: Depressed
Broken bone portion is pressed inwards
Bone Fracture: Impacted
Broken bone ends are forced into each other (butterfly fracture)
Bone Fracture: Spiral
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisted forces are applied to a bone
Bone Fracture: Greenstick
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way of green twig breaks
The repair of bone fractures involves four major events: What is the first?
A hematoma is formed, blood vessels are ruptured when the bone breaks. As a result, a blood filled swelling called a hematoma forms. Bone cells deprived of nutrition die.
The repair of bone fractures involves four major events: What is the second?
The break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus-an event of tissue repair, and bone is no exception, is the growth of new capillaries (granulation tissue) into the clotted blood at the site of the damage, and the disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes.
The repair of bone fractures involves four major events: What is the third?
The bony callus is formed. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the are and multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus made of spongy bone.
The repair of bone fractures involves four major events: What is the fourth?
Over the next few months, the bony callus is remodelled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong permanent ‘patch’ at the fracture site.
What is a tuberosity?
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened.
What is a crest?
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent.
What is a trochanter?
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.
What is a line?
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest.
What is a tubercle?
Small, rounded projection or process. (smaller tuberosity)
What is an epicondyle?
Raised are on or above a condyle.
What is a spine?
Sharpe, slender, often pointed projection.
Projections that help the from joints: Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Projections that help the from joints: Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Projections that help the from joints: Condyle
Rounded articular projection
Projections that help the from joints: Ramus
Arm-like bar of bone
Depressions and opening allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Depressions and opening allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Depressions and opening allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Fossa
Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.
Depressions and opening allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Groove
Furrow
Depressions and opening allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Fissue
Narrow, slit-like opening
Depressions and opening allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Joints have two functions:
They hold the bones together securely but also give the rigid skeleton mobility.
Joints are classified in two ways:
Functionally and structurally
Fibrous joints are
Immoveable
Synovial Joints are
freely moveable
Cartilaginous joints have both immoveable and slightly moveable examples most are
amphiarthrotic
