Module 2 Flashcards by SODUSTA, Gabrielle Angelic

wood sugar

Xylose

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Obtained from boiling of corn cobs/straw

Xylose

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diagnostic aid for intestinal malabsorption

Xylose

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Dextrose

Glucose

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blood sugar

Glucose

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grape sugar

Glucose

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vitis vinifera

Grapes

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levulose

Fructose

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Fruit sugar

Fructose

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derived from the isomeration of glucose in streptomyces spp.

Fructose

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food for diabetic patients

Fructose

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ingredient in infant feeding formulas

Fructose

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Brain sugar

Galactose

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breakdown of lactose in milk

galactose

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What are the monosaccharide carbohydrates

Xylose
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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What are the disaccharide carbohydrates

“MLS”
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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Malt sugar

Maltose

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glu + glu

Maltose

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fermented grain

Malt

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Enzyme to convert starch to maltose

diastace

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Source of Maltose

Barley

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Hordeum vulgare

barley

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table sugar

Sucrose

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glu + fruc

Sucrose

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sources of Sucrose

Sugarcane Sugarbeet Sugar maple

Saccharum officinarum

sugarcane

Beta vulgaris

Sugarbeets

Acer saccharum

Sugar maple

Milk sugar

Lactose

glu + galac

Lactose

Source of Lactose

Cow

Bos taurus

Cow

components of Milk

protein + fats + sugar (lactose)

gal + fruc

Lactulose

converted by GI flora to acetic and lactic acid resulting to laxative effect

Lactulose

Examples of Sugar derivatives

1. Plant acids 2. Fumaric acid 3. Lactic acid 4. Oxalic acid 5. Tartaric acid 6. Citric acid

Prunus cerasus

Cherry juice

Test for Lactone glycoside

Kede's test

Contains malic acid

Cherry juice

used as vehicle and has pectin-incompatibility and treated with benzoic acid

Cherry juice

Malus domestica

apple

use for drug salts

Fumaric acid

for infant feeding formulas and for feminine wash

Lactic acid

found in KAMIAS/balimbing

Oxalic acid

least soluble plant acid

Oxalic acid

byproduct of wine industry

Tartaric acid

granules: too dry

Tartaric acid

Pyridine and acetic anhydride: emerald green

Tartaric acid

granules: to sticky

Citric acid

came from citrus fruit

Citric acid

Pyridine and acetic anhydride: carmine red

Citric acid

Sugar derivatives

C-FLOT-C Cherry juice Fumaric acid Lactic acid Oxalic acid Tartaric acid Citric acid

Bonds: a1,4 and a1,6

Starch

sources of starch

Rice Corn Potato Wheat

Oryza sativa

Rice

Zea mays

Corn

Solanum tuberosum

Potato

Triticum aestivum

Wheat

Bond: B1,4

Cellulose

Source of Cellulose

cotton

Gossypium hirsutum

cotton

hypromellose

artificial tears

Cellulose acetate phthalate

tablet coating

Bond: a1,3 and 1,6

Dextran

Source of Dextran

leuconostoc mesenteroides

Sources of Insulin

Chicory root Dandelion

Was used for GFR determination - expensive

Insulin

Cichorium intybus

Chicory root

Taraxacum officinale

Dandelion

polymer of n-acetylglucosamine

Chitin

found in exoskeleton of animals/insects

Chitin

componenet of fungal cell walls

Chitin

Examples of homoglycan Polysaccharides

"eSCDIC" Starch Cellulose Dextran Insulin Chitin

Glucans

SCD Starch Cellulose Dextran

found in citrus rinds and apple pomace

Pectin

Forms of Pectin: Unripe - insoluble

protopectin

Forms of Pectin: ripe - soluble

Pectin

Forms of Pectin: overripe- insoluble

pectinic

was an antidiarrheal

Pectin (Kaopctate)

Heteroglycan Polysaccharide

Pectin

Indian gum/ghati gum

acacia substitute

Anogeissus latifolia

Indian gum/ghati gum

most resistant to hydrolysis

Tragacanth

Astragus gummifer

Tragacanth

Forms of Tragacanth

1. Vermiform - wormlike 2. Salts - tears 3. ribbon/flake - flat

most resistant to alcohol

Acacia/gum arabic

Acacia senegal

Acacia/gum arabic

least soluble/ most fetid gum

Karaya

Part of laxative Movicol

Karaya

Plant exudates

ITAK Indian gum/ghati gum Tragacanth Acacia/gum arabic

Plantago psyllium

psyllium

Cydonium vulgaris

quince

Cyamepsis tetragonolobus

guar

Ceratonia siliqua

Carob/locust bean/St. John bread

Chocolate substitute

Carob/locust bean/St. John bread (Ceratonia siliqua)

Seed gums

PQGC Psyllium Quince Guar Carob

from red algae Gelidium cartilageneum Gracilaria conterroides

Agar/Japanese japanese isinglass

culture media component

Agar/Japanese japanese isinglass

from brown alga (Macrocytis pyferia)

Algin

Alginate

Algin - antacid (Gaviscon)

from red algae Chondrus crispus Gigartina mamillosa

Carrageenan/Irish moss

Types of Carrageenan/Irish moss: Kappa and iota

gelling

types of Carrageenan/Irish moss lambda

nongelling

Furcellaria fastigata

Danish agar

resemble k-carrageenan

Danish agar

Marine gums

AjiACD Acacia/Japanese isinglass Algin Carrageenan/Irish moss Danish agar

pseudoplastic - ointments/toothpaste

Xanthan

Microbial gum

Xanthan

Linum usilatissimum

Linseed/Flax

used in paints and varnishes

Linseed/Flax

Gadus morrhua

Cod liver

for varicose veins

socium morrhuate

test for cottonseed

Halphen-Bevan test

component of cotton seed that causes male infertility

gossypol

for cooking and baking

corn

Cheap margarin production and can be used for adulteration

Peanut

Arachis hypogea

Peanut

Test for sesame

Baudoin test

Sesamum indicum

Sesame

Semi-drying for IM injections

"COCOPESE" Cotton Corn Peanut Sesame

Cocos nucifera

Coconut

Short and medium - chain fatty acids

Coconut

Olea europea

Olive oil

salad/sweet oil

Olive oil

Test for Olive oil

Millon's test

emollient in cosmetics

Almond

Prunus amygdalus

Almond

Iodine addition product of ethyl esters of Papaver somniferum

Ethiodized oil

Denothera biensis

Evening primrose

gamma-linolenic acid Premenstrual syndrome

Evening primrose

Brassica campetris

Canola

Elaeis guineensis

Palm kernel

Helianthus annuus

Sunflower

Carthamus tinctorius

Safflower

Glysine soja

Soybean

Theobroma cacao

Cacao

25% H2O woolfat

Lanolin/hydrous woolfat

0.25% H2O woolfat

Anhydrous Lanolin/woolfat

fat of abdomen of sheep

Suet

fat form pig (sus scrofa-wild boar)

Lard

Fats

"CaLaSuLa" Cacao Lanolin Suet Lard

Dipteryx odorata

Tonka beans

from the head of a spermwhale

Spermaceti

contains C16 ester

Spermaceti

Synthetic of this is cetyl ester wax

Spermaceti

Physeter macrocephalus

Spermwhale

if hydrogenated, it is similar to Spermaceti

Jojoba

Test for Anthraquinone glycosides

Modified Borntragers test

Use of Anthraquinone glycosides

cathartic

Rhamnus purshianas

Cascara sagrada/ Sacred bark

used to decrease bitterness of Cascara Sagrada during storage of a year

MgO

Rhamnus frangula

Frangula/buckhorn bark

Rheum officinale - rheins

Rhubarb

Moisturizer for burns and skin care

Aloe vera/sabila/A.barbadensis

thickener in lotions

Aloe vera/sabila/A.barbadensis

use of Senna

Laxative

Cassa acutifolia

"aCute si Ales nga gaiskwela sa Cassa" Alexandria

Andira araroba

Goa powder

Chrysarobin

Goa powder

too irritating for oral use

Goa powder/Chrysarobin

Hypericum perforatum

St. John's Wort

antidepressant

St. John's Wort

CYP inducer - decrease concomitant medications

St. John's Wort

MOA: blocks NaK ATPase = + inotropy

Cardiac glycosides

Test for deoxysugars

Keller-Killani test

Test for Cyclopentanoperhydrophenathrene

Salkowski/Lieberman - burehard test

Coumarin

Tonka beans

Test for lactone

Keddes test

Digitalis purpurea

Foxglove

Digitoxin

Digitalis lanata

Grecian foxglove

Digoxin

Nerlum oleander

Oleander

Convallana majalis

Lily of the Valley

Apocyrium cannabinum

Dogbane/Black Indian Hemp

Dogbane other name

Black Indian Hemp

Ouabin

G - strophantin

Urginea marifina

Squill

Scillarens

Squill

Cymarin

Dogbane/Black Indian Hemp

Hellbrous niger

Black Hellebore

Anthraquinone glycosides

"St. CasFraRhu AloeSennaGoa" St. John's Wort Cascara Sagrada Frangula Rhubarb Aloe vera Senna Goa powder

Cardiac Glycosides

"FOLDSS-Black" Foxglove Oleander Lily of the Valley Dogbane/Black Indian Hemp Strophantus K and G Squill Black Hellebore

Test for Saponin Glycosides

1. Froth test 2. Capillary test (decrease surface tension) 3. Hemolysis (destry RBCs, used in agar plates)

used for soap and bubbles

Saponin Glycosides

used as surfactant

Saponin Glycosides

bitter, sternutatory - can hemolyze RBCs (induced coughing

Saponin Glycosides

Structure of Saponin Glycosides

either steroidal/neutral or triterpenoid/acidic

Glycyrrhia glabra

Liquourice (dura bra if may liquor)

50x as sweet as sugar

glycyrrhizic acid (aglycone)

masks the bitterness of quinine

Liquourice

increase foaminess in beer

Liquourice

for Addison's disease

Liquourice

Smilax spp.

Sarsaparilla

Smilagenin

Sarsaparilla

Rootbeer

Sarsaparilla

Dioscorea spp

Yam 🍠

Diosgenin

Yam 🍠

Dioscorea floribunda

Yam 🍠

precursor for steroid hormones/drugs

Yam 🍠 (dioscorea spp)

ginsenosides

Ginseng

panaxosides

Ginseng

chikusetsu saponins

Ginseng

Adaptogen and aphrodisiac

Ginseng

Anticogulant derivative of Tonka beans

Dicumarol and warfarin

Rodenticide derivative of Tonka beans

coumatetralyl

Cantharis vesicatoria

Blisterina flies

Cantharadin

Blisterina flies

vessicant and causes priapism

Canthradin (Blisterina flies)

low concentration of this can be used as rubefacient and aphrodisiac

Canthradin (Blisterina flies)

Ammi majus

Bishop's flower

repigmentation in vitiligo

Bishop's flower

Citrus paradin

Grapefruit juice

CYP inhibitor and increase concomitant medications

Grapefruit juice

Lactone Glycosides

"BlisTon GraBi" Blisterina flies Tonka Beans Grapefruit juice Bishop's flower

Rutin and Heperidine

Vitamin P (permeability)

treatment of capillary fragility (hemorrhoids)

Vit. P (Rutin and Hesperidin)

Silybium marianum

Milk thisle (Sily marian sells anum ka Milk thisle)

hepatoprotective

Milk thisle - sibinins (aka silymarin)

Ginkgo biloba

Gingko

Increase cerebral vasodilation

Gingko

procyanidins

Cranberry

for UTI

Cranberry

Flavanoids

Coffee, tea, and me charot! Cacao

Has antioxidant activity

flavanoids

Flavanol glycosides

Vitamin P Milk thisle Gingko Cranberry

hydrolized by myrosin

isothiocyanate/glucosinolates

Brassica nigra

Black mustard

Sinigrin

Aglycone of Black mustard

Allyl isothiocyanate

Aglycone of Acrinyl isothiocyanate

White mustard

Brassica alba

White mustard

sinalbin

Test for Cyanogenic glycosides/cyanophores

Grignard test

peach kernel/ bitter almond odor

Benzaldehyde

Prunus persicca

Peach

Prunus armeniaca

Apricot

Prunus serotina

wild cherry

hydrolyzed by emulsin

amygdalin and prunasin

Cyanogenic glycosides/cyanophores

Bitter almond Peach Apricot Wild cherry

Salix purpurea

Willow bark

salicin

Willow bark

ASA

Willow bark

Alcohol glycoside

Willow bark

Arctostophylos uva-ursi

Uva ursi/Bearberry

AG: Hydroquinone

arbutin (Uva ursi/Bearberry)

Phenol glycoside

Uva ursi/Bearberry

Vanilla planifolia

Vanilla

Glucovanillin + H2O =

vanillin (fragrant)

Aldehyde glycoside

Vanilla

obtained from the oak (Quwewua infectoria)

Nutgall

Tanic acid

leather/ink production Component of universal antidote

Hamamelis virginiana

Witch Hazel "haMame na si Hazel coz' hindi na sya virgin"

Pinus palustris

Oil of turpentine

Tannins

Nutgall Witch Hazel

Counterirritant

Oil of turpentine

Hydrocarbon VO

Oil of turpentine

Alcohol VOs

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Rosa (Rosa spp.) Orange/Noreli (citrus aurantium) Coriander (Coriandus sativus) etc

Aldehyde VOs

"CLOWC" Cinnamon/Cassia oil Lemon Orange Witch Hazel Citronella

Ketone VOs

Camphor Cedar leaf Caraway (+) carvone Spearmint (-) carvone Buchu Wormwood

Phenol VOs

Clove Creosate Cade/Juniper tar Oregano Myrcia Thyme

Oxide VO

Eucalyptus

Phenolic ether VOs

"FANS" Fennel Anise Nutmeg Star anise

neuromuscular blocker

tubocurarine

Ester VOs

Dwarf pine Lavender Wintergreen Sweet birch

Resins

Rosin colophony Mayapple/American mandrake Yerba santa Jalap Mastic Kava-kava Indian hemp/Marijuana

Oleoresin

Turpentine White pine Copaiba Ginger Cayene pepper

Oleogum resins

Myrrh Frankincense Asafoetida

Balsams

Storax Peru balsam Tolu balsam Sumatra benzoin Siam benzoin

For smoking cessation

Tobaco and Indian tobacco/Lobeline

Alkaloids

Scotch broom Pison hemlock Betel nut Tobacco Indian tobacco

Tropane

Deadly nightshade Henbane Jimsonweed European mandrake Coca leaf

Indole

Periwinkle/Chichirica Ergot Nux vomica Calabar bean Snakeroot

Vinca alkaloid - antimitotic - anticancer

Periwinkle/ Chichirica

Quinolone

Peruvian bark

Isoquinolone

Ipecac Bloodroot - emetic Opium poppy Curare

analgesic

Morphine

Antitussive aka methylmorphine

Codeine

Percursor of Naloxone

Thebain

Muscle relaxant

Papaverine

for Parkinson's disease

Apomorphine

Addictive aka diacetylmorphine

Heroin

Imidazole

Jaborandi

Cholinergic agonist

Pilocarpine

Purine/Xanthine

Coffee Tea Cacao Kola nuts Guarana Mate

Steroidal

Green hellebore - cardio depressant White hellebore - insecticide

Alkaloidal amines/Protoalkaloids

"PECK" (P)eyote/Mescal Ma Huang [(E)phedra sinica] Autumn crocus [(C)olchicum autumnale] (K)hat/Abyssinian tea