Module 2 Flashcards
This can be seen as a way to recognize and to evaluate economical features which can be seen on the external parts of the pigs
Judging
This means the body form of an animal (kabuuan).
Types
size of the animals ie; length, height, and width of the body, compared to the age of the animal.
Development
Broad and long without being low at the back (well liked).
Form
Bones are refined, but not too small or weak to support the body (Large and strong bones).
Quality
Graceful at standing and walking (hindi pilay).
Carriage
Used for animals with a very clear meatiness without fat in the body.
Hard
This means no fat but especially used for the parts of the animal such as head, feet, and joints.
Dry
Used for animals with fat in the body.
Weak
It means fat but especially used for the parts such as head, feet, and joints (opposite of dry).
Full/wet
Used for animals showing a clear wedge-shaped on the side view of the body
undeep
Used for an animal that is not wedge-shaped but rectangular (opposite of undeep).
Deep
Animal with short legs
Low
Large, quite deep and full animal
Wide
How do you determine the age of a swine?
body size and development
At ______months pigs are at the peak of their growth.
2-4
At _______ months, their growth slows down.
4-5
At ______ months, growth completely stops.
5-6
What size is a desirable size?
Heavier/larger at maturity
this method relies on ancestry records which at times are unreliable, and in most cases, not available.
Pedigree evaluation
What to observe in a swine’s side view?
● Balance
● Ham development
● Length and depth of side
● Other breed and sex characteristics
● Strength of pasterns
● Manner of movement
What to observe in a swine’s rear view?
● Set of hind legs
● Depth of hams
● Width of loin and body
What to observe in a swine’s front view?
● Neatness of head and shoulders
● Spring of rib
● Width of back and straightness of forelegs
The rear column of a swine is close at hocks, out at toes
Cow-hocked
The rear column of a swine is wide at hocks, in at toes
Bow-legged
The front column of a swine is in at knees, out at toes
Splay-footed
The front column of a swine is out at knees, in at toes
Pigeon-footed
the most common,
simple, effective and practical method. Based
on this method, animals are evaluated for traits
that can be measured directly on them such as
ADG and BF.
Individual Performance
the most efficient way of
establishing genetic quality to improve the herd.
However, this is difficult to apply as it considers
many traits along with their heritability,
phenotype and genotypic correlations, and
economic values of different traits being
considered in an index.
Selection Index
swine’s front legs are overly straight, causing the knee joint to protrude.
Bucked knee
Bucked-knee can cause?
- puts extra strain on the joint and muscles
- It may lead to arthritis over time
- Affected pigs may experience difficulty moving, reducing feed intake and growth rates.
- Reduced ability to perform normal activities can lower overall farm productivity
swine’s front legs are positioned too far forward, typically causing the animal to lean forward.
Forward
Forward knees can cause?
- Increased pressure on the joints and muscles of the front limbs.
- Difficulty in walking, fatigue, and risk of joint wear or damage.
- Reduced mobility can affect feed intake and growth.
- may also affect breeding efficiency, as affected pigs are less likely to be able to mate effectively.
Distance point of front legs side view issues
Bucked knee and forward
Distance point of legs front view issues
Knock-knee and bow legged.
legs are too close together at the knees, causing them to angle inward and touch.
Knock knee
Knock knee can cause?
- can lead to deformities or arthritis.
- Increases risk of slipping or difficulty in walking.
- Movement difficulties can lower feed efficiency, as pigs may not be able to access feed as easily.
- Breeding productivity may suffer due to movement difficulties.
Bow-legged can cause?
- arthritis or lameness over time.
- May lead to muscle fatigue or overuse.
- Slower movement
- Potential for injury and discomfort, reducing overall production and efficiency in terms of breeding and weight gain.
Stance of hind legs side view issues
Backward and sickled shaped
hind legs of the pig are angled too far backwards, leading to a poor stance.
Backward
when the hind legs are excessively curved backwards, which often leads to a bowed stance.
Sickle shaped
Backward can cause?
- Strain on the hip and knee joints
- This can lead to hip dysplasia
- Slower growth rates and less efficient feed conversion due to difficulty in movement and access to food.
- may have reduced reproductive performance, affecting breeding.
Sickle shape can cause?
- risk of joint damage and pain.
- puts increased stress on the muscles and ligaments.
- slower growth rate
- reproductive performance issues
Stance of Hind Legs: Rear view Issues
Narrow, wide. cow-hocked
pig’s hind legs are positioned too close together, causing the animal to have a narrow body stance.
Narrow
Narrow can cause?
- uneven weight distribution,
- Increases the risk of injury
- reduced feed intake and growth due to difficulty in moving and accessing food.
- reduce reproductive opportunities.
refers to pigs whose hind legs are set too far apart, creating a broader stance.
Wide
Wide can cause?
- lead to overuse of the hip joints and potential discomfort or lameness.
- problems with muscle
- Reduced mobility can affect feeding and growth.
- Difficulty in efficient breeding and overall reproductive performance due to a compromised position.
Cow-hocked can cause?
- Increases pressure on the knees and hocks, causing stress and possible arthritis.
- Pigs may have difficulty walking, which can exacerbate the wear on joints.
Dry joints without lesion/swelling indicates?
indicate good joint health and proper movement. This suggests that the swine has well-maintained cartilage and ligaments, leading to optimal mobility.
Swaying of rear parts indicates?
indicates that there may be issues with the hindquarters, such as hip or joint problems, spinal misalignment, or poor posture. This can be a sign of musculoskeletal weakness or injury.
Too much SC and synovial fluid, lesions & swelling indicates
suggests joint inflammation, arthritis, or other musculoskeletal disorders. This can be caused by infection, injury, or genetic factors.
No swaying during walking indicates?
indicates good health, proper musculoskeletal function, and alignment. There is minimal stress on the joints, muscles, and bones.
1 trait you are looking for in the pig.
Independent Culling Level
2 or more traits that are entirely independent of each other.
Tandem Method
Estrus cycle in swine
usually lasts for 18-24 days (average is 21 days).
4 stages of estrus cycle
Proestrus
Estrus (happens at 6 month-old)
Metestrus
Unestrus
