Module 2

Question 1

CYP450 inducers

Answer 1

St John’s wart
Phenobarbital
Tobacco smoke
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Many anti-epileptic drugs (except valproic acid, gabapentin, pregabalin)

Question 2

CYP450 inhibitors

Answer 2

Grapefruit juice
Azole antifungals (eg fluconazole)
Macrolide antibiotics (eg clarithromycin)
Valproic acid

Question 3

Drug elimination pathways

Answer 3

Renal
Hepatic
Pulmonary
Gastrointestinal
Breast milk
Sweat
Saliva

Question 4

Definition:
The highest level (the peak) the drug reaches in the blood after a specific dose.

Answer 4

C max

Question 5

Definition:
Area under the curve (AUC)

Answer 5

The amount of the drug available to the target tissue (bioavailability)

Question 6

Definition:
The time it takes to reach C max

Answer 6

T max

Question 7

Definition:
The lowest level the drug reaches in the blood after a specific dose

Answer 7

Trough

Question 8

Definition:
The amount of drug administered at one time

Answer 8

Drug dose

Question 9

Definition:
The rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time.

Answer 9

Clearance rate

Question 10

Definition:
The time the body takes to eliminate half the drug in the body at any time

Answer 10

Half life

Question 11

Equation for therapeutic window/range

Answer 11

Therapeutic range = MTC - MEC

(MTC: minimum toxic concentration)
(MEC: minimum effective concentration)

Question 12

Definition:
The point at which no more clinical response occurs with increase dose

Answer 12

Ceiling effect

Question 13

Definition:
The minimum drug level in the blood at which most patients will experience the therapeutic effect

Answer 13

Minimum effective concentration (MEC)

Question 14

Definition:
The minimum drug level in the blood at which most patients will experience side effects or toxicity

Answer 14

Minimum toxic concentration (MTC)

Question 15

Definition:
The difference between the MEC and MTC

Answer 15

Therapeutic range/window

Question 16

Definition:
The time it takes for a drug to reach its therapeutic effect (or the minimum effective concentration)

Answer 16

Onset of drug effect

Question 17

Definition:
The time the drug concentration remains effective (remains at or above the minimum effective concentration)

Answer 17

Duration of drug effect

Question 18

Definition:
The maximum effect the drug can produce, regardless of the dose.

Answer 18

Efficacy

Question 19

Definition:
The amount of drug required to produce a given effect.

Answer 19

Potency

Question 20

Definition:
The dose required to induce toxic effect in 50% of the patients

Answer 20

TD50

Question 21

Definition:
The dose required to induce therapeutic effect in 50% of patients

Answer 21

ED50

Question 22

Therapeutic index

Answer 22

= TD50/ED50

The bigger the therapeutic index the safer the drug

Question 23

Types of adverse drug reactions

Answer 23

Augmented - predictable
Bizarre - unpredictable
Chronic
Delayed
End of use
Failure

Question 24

Definition:
A decrease in the drug effect due to its continued administration

Answer 24

Drug tolerance

Question 25

Definition:
The need to continue taking a drug to function normally and to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Answer 25

Drug dependence

Question 26

Definition:
Compulsive and uncontrolled use of the drug despite the negative consequences on health, social relationships and other obligations

Answer 26

Drug addiction

Question 27

Definition:
The combined effect of two drugs is more intense or has a longer duration than the sum of the individual effects

Answer 27

Synergism

Question 28

Definition:
The combined effect of the two drugs equals the sum of the effects of the individual drugs

Answer 28

Addition

Question 29

Definition:
The combined effect of the two drugs is less than the sum of the effects of the individual drugs

Answer 29

Antagonism

Question 30

Definition:
One drug increases the effectiveness of another drug without having a significant effect on the same disease/physiological process

Answer 30

Potentiation