Module 2 Flashcards
according to aristotle, _______ is the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasions
a) the _______ of an individual to find out
b) the ___________ ______ of persuasion available to them
c) depending on the particular ________
rhetoric
a) the capacity of an individual to find out
b) the rhetorical modes of persuasion available to them
c) depending on the particular context
3 rhetorical modes
- ethos
- pathos
- logos
ethos is about?
character, guiding principles
“We believe ____ men more fully and readily than others; this is true generally whatever the ____ is, and absolutely true where exact certainty is impossible and opinions are divided.”
-???
“We believe good men more fully and readily than others; this is true generally whatever the question is, and absolutely true where exact certainty is impossible and opinions are divided.”
-Aristotle
“Rhetoric establishes what is ___ ___”
-???
“Rhetoric establishes what is probably true”
-Barchers, 2006
three factors/keys in ethos
a. good sense
b. good moral character
c. goodwill
a. good sense; based on ____ (practical wisdom)
b. good moral character based on arete (____)
c. goodwil; based on ____ (wanting to help)
a. good sense; based on phronesis (practical wisdom)
b. good moral character based on arete (virtue)
c. goodwil; based on eunoia (wanting to help)
- ability to apply knowledge based on experience
- ability to act wit uncompromising integrity
- ability to cover empathy and inspire cooperative feelings
choices:
a. good moral character
b. goodwill
c. good sense
- ability to apply knowledge based on experience
c. good sense - ability to act wit uncompromising integrity
a. good moral character - ability to cover empathy and inspire cooperative feelings
b. goodwill
pathos is about?
suffering, strong emotion
Pathos
“put[ting their] hearers in the ____ ____ of mind”
-Aristotle
Pathos
“put[ting their] hearers in the right frame of mind”
-Aristotle
Pathos
“Our judgments when we are pleased and friendly are ___ ___ ____ as when we are pained and hostile”
-Aristotle
Pathos
“Our judgments when we are pleased and friendly are not the same as when we are pained and hostile”
-Aristotle
logos is about?
word, thought, principle
Logos
“…persuation is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a ____ or an apparent ____ by means of ____ arguments”
-Aristole
Logos
“…persuation is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or an apparent apparent truth by means of persuasive arguments”
-Aristole
2 ways we use logos
a. example
b. enthymeme
Logos
argument by example is proving a ____ using a number of similar cases; ____ reasoning
Logos
argument by example is proving a proposition using a number of similar cases; inductive reasoning
what is syllogism?
three-step method of framing an argument
3 steps in syllogism
- major premise
- minor premise
- conclusion
syllogism
an assumption or argument meant to be taken as fact
major premise
syllogism
a ____ ____ is an another assumption or argument that serves to substantiate the major premise
a minor premise is an another assumption or argument that serves to substantiate the major premiseminor premise
logos
argument by ____ is basically syllogism where one of the premises is left unstated; ____ reasoning
argument by enthymeme is basically syllogism where one of the premises is left unstated; deductive reasoning
logos
in argumenting by enthymeme, audience is left to infer the ____ ____ based on their shared belief or knowledge
in argumenting by enthymeme, audience is left to infer the missing premise based on their shared belief or knowledge
the man who is to be in command of the means of effecting persuason must, it is clear, be able:
- to ____ ____
- to ____ ____ ____ and ____ in their various forms
- to ____ ____ ____ - that is to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the ways in which they are excited
the man who is to be in command of the means of effecting persuason must, it is clear, be able:
- to reason logically
- to understand human character and goodness in their various forms
- to understand the emotions - that is to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the ways in which they are excited
define politics
the ____ of the government, members of law-making orgs, or people who try to ____ the way a country is governed
the activitiesof the government, members of law-making orgs, or people who try to influence the way a country is governed
political rhetoric
mostly concerned with ____ used in constructing ____ messages in debates and disputes
mostly concerned with strategies used in constructing persuasive messages in debates and disputes
political rhetoric
Aristotle emphasized the importance of the speaker’s ____
Aristotle emphasized the importance of the speaker’s ethos
____ lies at the heart of all persuasive rhetoric
identification lies at the heart of all persuasive rhetoric
define consubstantiality
projected ____ between ____ and ____
projected commonality between speaker and audience
strategies to achieve consubstantiality
- taking and avoiding sides
- explicit appeals to common ingroup membership
- constructing aspirational identities
- implicit displays of rhetorical alignment
strategies to achieve consubstantiality
________ of one group (siding with the ordinary people) OR ____ adverse situations, not people in particular
take the side of one group (siding with the ordinary people) OR oppose adverse situations, not people in particular
strats 2 achieve consubstantiality - explicit appeals to com ingroup mem
regroup ____ ____ into one ____ ____ and frame one’s self as part of that group
regroup diverse communities into one identity category and frame one’s self as part of that group
strats 2 achieve consubstantiality - explicit appeals to com ingroup mem
frame the (aspiring) leader’s own ____ ____ as the instantiation of the ____ and ____ of that identity category
frame the (aspiring) leader’s own political project as the instantiation of the norms and values of that identity category
strats 2 achieve consubstantiality - explicit appeals to com ingroup mem
the leader presents itself as a ____ ____ ____
the leader presents itself as a prototypical ingroup member
strats to achieve consubstantiality - constructing aspir indentities
useful when speaker is acting as an ____ for the ____
useful when speaker is acting as an advocate for the marginalized
strats to achieve consubstantiality - displays of rhetorical alignment
use of ____ communication and ____ person plural pro-terms: we, us, our
use of nonverbal communication and 1st person plural pro-terms: we, us, our
define digital rhetoric
the application of ____ ____ (as analytic method or heuristic for production) to digital ____ ___ ____
the application of rhetorical theory (as analytic method or heuristic for production) to digital texts and performances
