MODULE 2 Flashcards
specific details that can be proven as true
facts
based on objective evidence
facts
based on feeling/ judgement/ belief
opinions
what are the objective proofs
physical evidence
eyewitness
result of accepted scientific method
facts are
objective
states reality
can be verified
presented w/ unbiased words
opinions can be
subjective
interprets reality
cannot be verified
presented w/ value words
ask uestions to identify facts
- can the statement be prove or demonstrated to be true
- can the statement be observed in practice or operation
- can the statement be verified by witnesses, manuscripts, or documents?
systematic way to organized body of knowledge
methods in philosophizing
3 major characteristics of methods inp hilosophizing
- philosophical uestions have answers but the answers remain in dispute
- philosophical uestions cannot be settles by science, common sense, or faith
- philosophical uestions are of perennial intellectual interest to human being
methos that philosophers use to address philosophical uestions
critical thinking
what is critical thinking
it is a
- careful
- reflective
- rational
- systematic approach to uestions
what is critical thinking all about
- reasoning
- problem-solving
- evaluating
to come up with conclusion
evidence- based
can help us from our own point and guide us in making decisions/actions
critical mind
methods in critical thinking
- defining analyzing & devising solutions
- arriving at reasonable and informed conclusion
- applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems
- willingness to ay “i dont know”
attributes of critical thinkers
- looks for evidence to support assumption and belief
- adjust opinion
- look for proof
- examines the problem
- rejects irrelevant and incorrect information
philosophical methods
socratic
dialectic
scientific
historical
truth based on reasoning and critical thinking
logic
types of reasoning
deductive
inductive
general idea first before specific data
deductive
specific idea first before general idea
inductive
expressed in critical examination o cross of position to the conversations
the socratic method
intends not to convey new truth only guide to arriving the truth
the socratic method
diagram of socratic method
self
community
society
a discourse between 2 or more people holding different point of views
the dialectic method
exclude subjective elements ( emotional appeal, modern pejorative sense of rhetoric)
the dialectic method
diagram of the dialectic method
thesis
antithesis
synthesis
3 theories of truth
correspondence theory
coherence theory
pragmatic theory
state proposition is true if its corresponding to facts
correspondence theory
state that if a proposition coherence w/ all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true
coherence theory
proposition is true if it is useful to believe
pragmatic theory
father of pragmatism
william james
one needs to test if the proposition works with reality
pragmatic theory
3 perspectives regarding truth
- a belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses
- a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts
- getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief
