Module 2

Question 1

orbital

Answer 1

a region that can hold u to 2 electrons of opposite spins

Question 2

ionic bonding

Answer 2

strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 3

covalent bonding

Answer 3

shared pair of electrons

Question 4

dative covalent bonding/coordinate bonding

Answer 4

the shared pair of electrons where both electrons come from the same atom

Question 5

metallic bonding

Answer 5

electrostatic attractions between positive metal ions and negative delocalised electrons

Question 6

electronegativity

Answer 6

the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

Question 7

permanent dipole-dipole force

Answer 7

intermolecular forces that exist because of the difference in electronegativities in a polar bond causes week electrostatic forces of attraction between molecules

Question 8

acid

Answer 8

proton donor

Question 9

strong acid

Answer 9

acid that completely dissociates in water

Question 10

weak acid

Answer 10

acid that partially dissociates in water

Question 11

base

Answer 11

proton acceptor

Question 12

alkali

Answer 12

releases OH- ions into solution

Question 13

salt

Answer 13

when a H+ in an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion

Question 14

concordant results

Answer 14

titre values that are within 0.1cm3 of each other

Question 15

oxidising agent

Answer 15

a substance that is reduced in a redox reaction

Question 16

reducing agent

Answer 16

a substance that is oxidised in a redox reaction

Question 17

empirical formula

Answer 17

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound

Question 18

molecular formula

Answer 18

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 19

hydrated salts

Answer 19

contains water of crystallisation

Question 20

anhydrous salts

Answer 20

contains no water of crystallisation

Question 21

isotopes of the same element have:

Answer 21

-the same number of protons and electrons
-a different number of neutrons

Question 22

what are the properties of isotopes

Answer 22

-they have the same chemical properties
-as they have the same number of electrons

Question 23

relative atomic mass

Answer 23

the average mass of an atom relative to 1/12th the mass of one atom of C12

Question 24

relative isotopic mass

Answer 24

the mass of isotopes compared to 1/12th the mass of one atom of 12C

Question 25

between what elements is covalent bonding

Answer 25

non-metals

Question 26

between what elements is ionic bonding

Answer 26

a metal and non metal

Question 27

what are the anomalies of the octet rule

Answer 27

-boron and beryllium are stable with only 6 electrons in their outer shell -sulfer can hold 12 electrons in it’s outer shell

Question 28

what shape and angle is the shape when the central atom has 2 bonding a pairs and 0 lone pairs

Answer 28

-linear -180

Question 29

what shape and angle is the shape when the central atom has 3 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs

Answer 29

-trigonal planar -120

Question 30

what shape and angle is the shape when the central atom has 4 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs

Answer 30

-tetrahedral -109.5

Question 31

what shape and angle is the shape when the central atom has 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair

Answer 31

-trigonal pyramidal -107

Question 32

what shape and angle is the shape when the central atom has 6 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs

Answer 32

-octahedral -90

Question 33

what shape and angle is the shape when the central atom has 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs

Answer 33

-non linear -104.5

Question 34

what shape and angle is the shape when the central atom has 2 regions of electron density

Answer 34

-linear -180

Question 35

how to explain bond angles and shapes in the exam

Answer 35

-state the angle and shape -there are _ bonding pairs and _ lone pairs around the _ atom -all electron pairs repel each other and get as far away as possible from each other -lone pairs of electrons repel more strongly than bonding pairs of electrons

Question 36

what is a polar bond

Answer 36

-when there is a difference in electronegativity

Question 37

what is a non polar bond

Answer 37

-when there is no difference in electronegativity -carbon bond to hydrogen is classed as non polar as the difference in electronegativity is very small

Question 38

dipole

Answer 38

partial positive and negative charge caused by the uneven distribution of electrons

Question 39

what causes a permanent dipole

Answer 39

-the difference in electronegativity between two atoms

Question 40

how do induced idol-dipole interactions/london forces occur

Answer 40

-caused by the movement of electrons within shells -this causes an instantaneous dipole across the molecule -this instantaneous dipole in one molecule induces a dipole on a neighbouring molecule which then induces a dipole on their neighbouring olecule -the small induced dipoles attract each other causing a weak intermolecular force

Question 41

ionic compounds structure, melting and boiling points

Answer 41

-have a giant ionic structure -very high melting and boiling pints -have strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ion -require lots of energy to overcome

Question 42

ionic compounds - solubility

Answer 42

-soluble in water as water is polar -water molecules pull the ions away from the lattice causing it to dissolve

Question 43

ionic compounds - conductivity

Answer 43

-conducts electricity when molten or dissolved as ions are mobile -can’t conduct when solid are ions are in a fixed position

Question 44

metallic compounds structure, melting and boiling points

Answer 44

-giant metallic lattice -very high melting and boiling points -as have very strong metallic bonds -need lots of energy to overcome