Module 2 Flashcards
It is the study of
minerals.
Mineralogy
Are the basis for the
formation of rocks.
Minerals
Makes up the
minerals and minerals make up
rocks.
Matter (elements)
A ______ is a naturally occurring combination of specific
elements arranged in a particular repeating three-dimensional
structure or lattice.
mineral
Although thousands of minerals in the earth have been
identified, just ten minerals make up most of the volume of the
earthβs crust β
plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, amphibole,
pyroxene, olivine, calcite, biotite, garnet, and clay
Together, the chemical formula (the types and proportions of
the chemical elements) and the crystal lattice (the geometry of
how the atoms are arranged and bonded together) determine
the _______
physical properties of minerals.
It is readily observable
and certainly obvious, but it
is usually less reliable than
other physical properties.
Color
Describes the
reflection of light off a
mineralβs surface.
Luster
Standard names for luster
include ______
metallic, glassy,
pearly, silky, greasy, and dull
It is the color of a mineralβs
powder.
Streak
It is a more reliable property
than color because _____ does not
vary.
streak
It is the strength with which a
mineral resists its surface being scraped
or punctured
Hardness
In working with hand samples without
specialized tools, mineral hardness is
specified by the _____
Mohs Hardness Scale
It is the tendency of a mineral to break along certain
planes to make smooth surfaces.
Cleavage
The cleavage properties of a mineral are described in terms of
the _______ and, if more than one cleavage, the
_______ between the cleavages.
number of cleavages ; angles
The possible number of cleavages a mineral may have are _____
1, 2, 3, 4, or 6.
It is a break in a mineral that is not along a cleavage
plane.
Fracture
It is not always the same in the same mineral because
______ is not determined by the structure of the mineral.
fracture
It is said to exhibit conchoidal fracture.
Quartz
It is the way a thick piece of glass breaks with
concentric, curving ridges on the broken surfaces.
Conchoidal fracture
It is a standard term for fractures that do not exhibit
any of the qualities of the other fracture types
Irregular fracture
Minerals are classified according to their ______
chemical properties.
The chemical basis for classifying minerals is the ______
anion
The sulfides are based on the sulfur ion _____
π^2β
In some cases, the anion is of a mineral class is polyatomic, such
as (πΆπ3)2β, the _______
carbonate ion.
Based on the polyatomic anion, (πΊππΆπ)πβ, which has a tetrahedral shape.
Silicates
Most minerals in the
earthβs crust and
mantle are ____
silicate minerals
Also called island silicates,
the silicate tetrahedra are separated from
each other and bonded completely to non
silicate atoms. Olivine is an island silicate.
nesosilicates
_____ or paired silicates, such as
epidote, the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in
pairs.
sorosilicates
Also called ring silicates, the
silicate tetrahedra are joined in rings. Beryl or
emerald is a ring silicate
cyclosilicates
______ or sheet silicates, the
tetrahedra are bonded at three corners to
form flat sheets. Biotite is a sheet silicate
phyllosilicates
In _______ the silicate
tetrahedra are bonded in single chains.
Pyroxenes are ______ inosilicates.
single-chain inosilicates
In _______ the silicate
tetrahedra are bonded in double chains.
Amphiboles are ______ inosilicates
double-chain inosilicates
In ________, also known as
framework silicates, all corners of the
silicate tetrahedra are bonded to
corners of other silicate tetrahedra,
forming a complete framework of
silicate tetrahedra in all directions.
tectosilicates
______, the most common mineral in
earthβs crust, and ______are both
framework silicate
Feldspar ; quartz
Some sulfides are mined as
sources of such metals as _____
zinc, lead, copper, and tin
______ tend to
dissolve relatively easily in
water, especially acid water,
and natural rainwater is slightly
acid
Carbonate minerals
These are based on the
oxygen anion, πΆπβ
Oxides
These have a halogen element as the anion
Halides
______, πππΆπ, is a halide mineral
Halite
These have the polyatomic sulfate ion, (πΊπΆπ)πβ
, as the anion
Sulfates
_______, πΆπππ4, is a sulfate
Anhydrite
These have the polyatomic phosphate ion, (π·πΆπ)πβ, as the anion.
Phosphates
_______, πΆπ5(ππ4)3πΉ, which makes your teeth hard, is a phosphate mineral
Fluorapatite
These are made of nothing but a single element. Gold (Au),
native copper (Cu), and diamond and graphite, which are made
of carbon, are all _____
native element minerals
Recall that a mineral is defined as ________. Therefore,
elements purified and crystallized in a laboratory do not qualify
as minerals, unless they have also been found in nature
naturally occurring
Ways of Identifying Minerals
- Look at it closely on all visible sides to see how it reflects light
- Test its hardness
- Identify its cleavage or fracture
- Name its luster
- Evaluate any other physical properties necessary to determine
the mineralβs identity
Minerals can form from ________
volcanic gases, sediment
formation, oxidation,
crystallization from
magma, or deposition from
a saline fluid
Many minerals start out in liquids
that are hot enough to _______.
melt rocks
Is melted rock inside
Earth, a molten mixture of
substances that can be hotter than
1,000Β°C
Magma
______ on Earth, such as the ______ in the oceans, contains chemical elements mixed into a solution. Various processes can cause these elements to combine to form
________
Water ; solid mineral deposits
Types of Minerals formed from Solutions
- Minerals from Saltwater
- Minerals from Hot Underground Water
Formation from Solutions β Minerals from Saltwater.
When water ________, it leaves behind a solid precipitate of
minerals.
evaporates
As the water flows through open
spaces in the rock and ____, it
deposits solid minerals.
cools
The
mineral deposits that form when a
mineral fills cracks in rocks are
called _______.
veins
