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Geology for CE > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the study of
minerals.

A

Mineralogy

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2
Q

Are the basis for the
formation of rocks.

A

Minerals

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3
Q

Makes up the
minerals and minerals make up
rocks.

A

Matter (elements)

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4
Q

A ______ is a naturally occurring combination of specific
elements arranged in a particular repeating three-dimensional
structure or lattice.

A

mineral

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5
Q

Although thousands of minerals in the earth have been
identified, just ten minerals make up most of the volume of the
earth’s crust —

A

plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, amphibole,
pyroxene, olivine, calcite, biotite, garnet, and clay

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6
Q

Together, the chemical formula (the types and proportions of
the chemical elements) and the crystal lattice (the geometry of
how the atoms are arranged and bonded together) determine
the _______

A

physical properties of minerals.

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7
Q

It is readily observable
and certainly obvious, but it
is usually less reliable than
other physical properties.

A

Color

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8
Q

Describes the
reflection of light off a
mineral’s surface.

A

Luster

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9
Q

Standard names for luster
include ______

A

metallic, glassy,
pearly, silky, greasy, and dull

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10
Q

It is the color of a mineral’s
powder.

A

Streak

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11
Q

It is a more reliable property
than color because _____ does not
vary.

A

streak

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12
Q

It is the strength with which a
mineral resists its surface being scraped
or punctured

A

Hardness

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13
Q

In working with hand samples without
specialized tools, mineral hardness is
specified by the _____

A

Mohs Hardness Scale

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14
Q

It is the tendency of a mineral to break along certain
planes to make smooth surfaces.

A

Cleavage

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15
Q

The cleavage properties of a mineral are described in terms of
the _______ and, if more than one cleavage, the
_______ between the cleavages.

A

number of cleavages ; angles

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16
Q

The possible number of cleavages a mineral may have are _____

A

1, 2, 3, 4, or 6.

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17
Q

It is a break in a mineral that is not along a cleavage
plane.

A

Fracture

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18
Q

It is not always the same in the same mineral because
______ is not determined by the structure of the mineral.

A

fracture

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19
Q

It is said to exhibit conchoidal fracture.

A

Quartz

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20
Q

It is the way a thick piece of glass breaks with
concentric, curving ridges on the broken surfaces.

A

Conchoidal fracture

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21
Q

It is a standard term for fractures that do not exhibit
any of the qualities of the other fracture types

A

Irregular fracture

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22
Q

Minerals are classified according to their ______

A

chemical properties.

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23
Q

The chemical basis for classifying minerals is the ______

A

anion

24
Q

The sulfides are based on the sulfur ion _____

A

𝑆^2−

25
Q

In some cases, the anion is of a mineral class is polyatomic, such
as (𝐶𝑂3)2−, the _______

A

carbonate ion.

26
Q

Based on the polyatomic anion, (𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟒)𝟒−, which has a tetrahedral shape.

A

Silicates

27
Q

Most minerals in the
earth’s crust and
mantle are ____

A

silicate minerals

28
Q

Also called island silicates,
the silicate tetrahedra are separated from
each other and bonded completely to non
silicate atoms. Olivine is an island silicate.

A

nesosilicates

29
Q

_____ or paired silicates, such as
epidote, the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in
pairs.

A

sorosilicates

30
Q

Also called ring silicates, the
silicate tetrahedra are joined in rings. Beryl or
emerald is a ring silicate

A

cyclosilicates

31
Q

______ or sheet silicates, the
tetrahedra are bonded at three corners to
form flat sheets. Biotite is a sheet silicate

A

phyllosilicates

32
Q

In _______ the silicate
tetrahedra are bonded in single chains.
Pyroxenes are ______ inosilicates.

A

single-chain inosilicates

33
Q

In _______ the silicate
tetrahedra are bonded in double chains.
Amphiboles are ______ inosilicates

A

double-chain inosilicates

34
Q

In ________, also known as
framework silicates, all corners of the
silicate tetrahedra are bonded to
corners of other silicate tetrahedra,
forming a complete framework of
silicate tetrahedra in all directions.

A

tectosilicates

35
Q

______, the most common mineral in
earth’s crust, and ______are both
framework silicate

A

Feldspar ; quartz

36
Q

Some sulfides are mined as
sources of such metals as _____

A

zinc, lead, copper, and tin

37
Q

______ tend to
dissolve relatively easily in
water, especially acid water,
and natural rainwater is slightly
acid

A

Carbonate minerals

38
Q

These are based on the
oxygen anion, 𝑶𝟐−

A

Oxides

39
Q

These have a halogen element as the anion

A

Halides

40
Q

______, 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙, is a halide mineral

A

Halite

41
Q

These have the polyatomic sulfate ion, (𝑺𝑶𝟒)𝟐−
, as the anion

A

Sulfates

42
Q

_______, 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4, is a sulfate

A

Anhydrite

43
Q

These have the polyatomic phosphate ion, (𝑷𝑶𝟒)𝟑−, as the anion.

A

Phosphates

44
Q

_______, 𝐶𝑎5(𝑃𝑂4)3𝐹, which makes your teeth hard, is a phosphate mineral

A

Fluorapatite

45
Q

These are made of nothing but a single element. Gold (Au),
native copper (Cu), and diamond and graphite, which are made
of carbon, are all _____

A

native element minerals

46
Q

Recall that a mineral is defined as ________. Therefore,
elements purified and crystallized in a laboratory do not qualify
as minerals, unless they have also been found in nature

A

naturally occurring

47
Q

Ways of Identifying Minerals

A
  1. Look at it closely on all visible sides to see how it reflects light
  2. Test its hardness
  3. Identify its cleavage or fracture
  4. Name its luster
  5. Evaluate any other physical properties necessary to determine
    the mineral’s identity
48
Q

Minerals can form from ________

A

volcanic gases, sediment
formation, oxidation,
crystallization from
magma, or deposition from
a saline fluid

49
Q

Many minerals start out in liquids
that are hot enough to _______.

A

melt rocks

50
Q

Is melted rock inside
Earth, a molten mixture of
substances that can be hotter than
1,000°C

A

Magma

51
Q

______ on Earth, such as the ______ in the oceans, contains chemical elements mixed into a solution. Various processes can cause these elements to combine to form
________

A

Water ; solid mineral deposits

52
Q

Types of Minerals formed from Solutions

A
  • Minerals from Saltwater
  • Minerals from Hot Underground Water
53
Q

Formation from Solutions – Minerals from Saltwater.

When water ________, it leaves behind a solid precipitate of
minerals.

A

evaporates

54
Q

As the water flows through open
spaces in the rock and ____, it
deposits solid minerals.

A

cools

55
Q

The
mineral deposits that form when a
mineral fills cracks in rocks are
called _______.

A

veins

Geology for CE (2 decks)

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