Module 2 Flashcards
adult learners are autonomous and self-directed. Adults have a different self – concept from children and most adults have reached a point of development where they see themselves as independent and capable of making their own decisions. If they come into a learning situation and have little or no autonomy, they may feel disempowered, and Knowles believed that this could have reduced the quality of their learning.
Self-concept
adult learners have a wealth of knowledge and experience. Adults growing reservoir of experiences becomes significant resource for learning. Knowles believed that adults learn most effectively when they are encouraged to build on and develop their existing knowledge and when they are respected as people who already have skills and knowledge.
Learner Experience
adults are most motivated to learn things that will them achieve specific goals. Adults will therefore learn most effectively when the benefits of learning activities are specifically linked to the achievement of life objectives.
Readiness to learn
adult learners are relevancy oriented. Adults are most motivated to learn things they see an immediate use for, particularly learning which will help them solve a problem that they have currently in their lives. Adults will therefore learn most effectively when clear links are made between what they are learning about in “theory” and how they can use their new knowledge in practice.
Learning orientation
Applying learning on the job, situational learning in various context, experiences, challenges, practice. 70
Experiential
Coaching, mentoring, feedback, social learning, “buddy”systems, sharing, collaboration. 20
Social
Programs, courses, e-learning, simulation, reading. 10
Formal
Published experiential learning model
David Kolb
Consistent with adult learning principles and conditions, It emphasizes the critical role of experience in the learning process – often times referred to us ‘learning by doing’.
Experiential learning model
Try it out. See what happens.
Concrete experience
Analyze the experience. View from multiple perspectives.
Reflective observation
Connect ideas link the existing knowledge and understanding.
Abstract conceptualization
Formulate a hypothesis. Plan action and test it.
Active experimentation
Experiential Learning cycle
First concrete experience, second reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation
• It is a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one.
Classical conditioning
when a behavior is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again. If the behavior is accompanied by frustration, it tends to decrease. The law of effect is not necessarily universal as frustration sometimes lead to increased efforts to perform.
Law of effect
re learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently. Habits are temporary structure because they appear and disappear. Because they are learned, they can also be unlearned.
Habits
is the primary dynamic underlying personality development and acquisition of habits.
Drive reduction
is a strong stimulation that produces discomfort, such as hunger. Hull believed that learning occurs if only a response of an organism is followed by the reduction of some need or drive. Dollard and Miller argued that reducing a drive is reinforcing to an individual, and thus an individual will behave in ways that relieve the tension created by strong desires.
Drive
are drives associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism’s survival, e.g. dives of hunger, thirst and need for sleep.
Primary drives
are learned on the basis of primary ones. They are the elaboration of primary drives. An example of this drive is being motivated to eat at one’s usual dinner hour or wanting to earn money in order to buy food.
Secondary drives
any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response.
Reinforcer
those that reduce primary drives such as food for hunger, water for thirst, and the needed sleep.
Primary reinforcer
originally neutral but they acquire value when they are associated with the primary drives. For example, money is a secondary reinforcer because you will need it to buy food.
Secondary reinforcers
automatic responses to specific stimuli. For example, all of us blink to avoid an irritant to the eye.
Reflex response
refers to a tendency for certain responses to occur before others. If a response is unsuccessful, an organism will try the next response in the hierarchy. Learning involves reinforcing and/or rearranging the response hierarchy.
Hierarchy of response
• Learning Process Four Main Conceptual Parts:
Drive, cue, response, reinforcement
