Module 2

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for behavior and events that is used to make predictions about future observations

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory, often worded as an if-then statement

Question 3

John Locke

Answer 3

proposed that the mind of the newborn as a tabula rasa (“blank slate”) on which knowledge is written through experience and learning

Question 4

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 4

proposed that development occurs according to innate processes and progresses through three stages: infancy, childhood, and adolescence

Question 4

Charles Darwin

Answer 4

known for his theory of evolution

Question 4

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 4

established scientific journals for publishing child development research, first president of the American Psychological Association

Question 5

James Mark Baldwin

Answer 5

conducted quantitative and experimental research on infant development

Question 6

John B. Watson

Answer 6

founder of the field of behaviorism

Question 7

Sigmund Freud

Answer 7

psychoanalytic approach and model of psychosexual development

Question 8

Arnold Gesell

Answer 8

conducted the first large-scale study of children’s behavior that revealed consistent patterns of development focused on biological “maturation”

Question 9

Jean Piaget

Answer 9

stage theory of cognitive development

Question 10

Id

Answer 10

includes our instincts and drives, wants immediate gratification, the pleasure principle (something is judged good or bad depending on whether it feels good or bad)

Question 11

Ego

Answer 11

develops during the first three years of life, the rational part of our personality, the reality principle (helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way), considered the self

Question 12

Superego

Answer 12

emerges around age five, rule-based, acts as our conscience