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Lab Techniques in Neuroscience > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between rostral and caudal

A

rostral: anterior
caudal: posterior

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2
Q

what nerves make up the somatic nervous system

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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3
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system

A

innervated skeletal muscles and carries sensory information from periphery to CNS

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4
Q

what is the function of the autonomic (visceral) nervous system

A

regulates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

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5
Q

what are the three overarching components of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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6
Q

what is the dorsal root

A

sensory (cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia)

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7
Q

what is the ventral root

A

motor (cell bodies are in ventral horn - no ganglia)

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8
Q

why are the tracts (outside) of the spinal cord lighter in color

A

axons are myelinated

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9
Q

what are the three meninges surrounding the CNS

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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10
Q

what is the subdural hematoma

A

forms when blood vessels rupture and blood collects between the dura and arachnoid

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11
Q

what is the name for the forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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12
Q

what is the name for the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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13
Q

what is the name for the hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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14
Q

what are the two components of the prosencephalon

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

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15
Q

what structures are contained in the telencephalon

A

cerebrum
hippocampus
basal ganglia
olfactory bulb

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16
Q

what structures are contained in the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

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17
Q

what structures are contained in the mesencephalon

A

(midbrain)
tectum (roof)
superior and inferior colliculi
cerebral peduncle (midbrain tegmentum and substantia nigra)

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18
Q

what are the two components of the rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon
myelencephalon

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19
Q

what are the structures contained in the metencephalon

A

pons
cerebellum

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20
Q

what are the structures contained in the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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21
Q

what is the difference between a gyrus, sulcus, and fissure

A

gyrus: bump of cerebrum surface
sulcus: groove in cerebrum surface
fissure: especially deep sulcus

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22
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal: front
temporal: side
parietal: top
occipital: back

insula: limbic system within the folds of the brain

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23
Q

what is the fissure separating the frontal and temporal lobe called

A

lateral (sylvian) fissure

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24
Q

what is the sulcus separating the frontal and parietal lobe called

A

central sulcus

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25
what is the superior temporal gyrus
bump under the lateral fissure that contains neurons involved in audition (hearing)
26
what are the precentral and postcentral gyrus
pre: in front of central sulcus (motor) post: behind central sulcus (sensory)
27
where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurons located
precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
28
what do motor axons pass through in the brain
internal capsule
29
what do motor axons pass through in the midbrain
cerebral peduncle
30
where do motor axons pass through and cross
pyramids (pyramidal tract)
31
what is a nerve
collection/bundle of axons in the PNS
32
what is name and function of cranial nerve I
olfactory nerve sensory - smell
33
what is name and function of cranial nerve II
optic nerve sensory - visual information
34
what is name and function of cranial nerve III
oculomotor motor - muscles that move eyes
35
what is name and function of cranial nerve IV
trochlear motor - muscles that move the eyes
36
what is name and function of cranial nerve V
trigeminal sensory - touch/pain sensation from face and meninges motor - jaw muscles
37
what is name and function of cranial nerve VI
abducens motor - muscles that move the eyes
38
what is name and function of cranial nerve VII
facial sensory - taste from front of tongue motor - facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands
39
what is name and function of cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear sensory - balance and hearing
40
what is name and function of cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal sensory - taste and touch for back of tongue motor - throat muscles (swallowing)
41
what is name and function of cranial nerve X
vagus sensory - sensory information back to CNS motor - internal organs
42
what is name and function of cranial nerve XI
spinal accessory motor - motor information to neck
43
what is name and function of cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal motor - motor information to tongue
44
what does the brain float in
CSF
45
what are the ventricles
interconnected CSF-filled caverns inside brain lateral (left/right) third fourth
46
what is the choroid plexus
specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF
47
where is CSF reabsorbed into
subarachnoid space
48
what is the septum pellucidum
vertical membrane that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles
49
how much CSF is made in one day
1 pint
50
what is hydrocephalus
excess CSF that occurs when the flow of CSF through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space is impaired
51
what is the dorsal part of the diencephalon
thalamus
52
what is the function of the thalamus
relays most types of sensory information to neocortex
53
what is the ventral part of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
54
what are the functions of the hypothalamus
controls autonomic NS controls motivated behaviors controls many endocrine systems via pituitary gland
55
what are the two main structures of the mesencephalon
(midbrain) tectum tegmentum
56
what are the two structures of the tectum
superior colliculus inferior colliculus
57
what is the function of the superior colliculus
visual processing
58
what is the function of the inferior colliculus
auditory processing
59
what three structures are included in the tegmentum
substantia nigra reticular formation periaqueductal gray
60
what is the function of the substantia nigra
dopamine producing cells
61
what is the function of the reticular formation
sleep
62
what is the function of the periaqueductal gray
pain modulation
63
what are the three structures of the rhombencephalon
pons medulla oblongata cerebellum
64
what are the functions of the pons
modulate hearing, vestibular functions, taste functions pontine reticular formation - sleep and arousal
65
what are the functions of the medulla oblongata
nuclei crucial for vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing contains tracts to/from the spinal cord/brain
66
what is the function of the cerebellum
fine motor control
67
what is white matter
collection of axons that are myelinated
68
what is a nerve
collection of axons in the PNS
69
what is a tract
collection of axons in the CNS that have the same origin/destination
70
what is a bundle
collection of axons that can have multiple origins/destinations
71
what is a capsule
collection of axons that connects the cerebrum with the brain stem includes the internal and external capsule
72
what is a commissure
collections of axons that connect one place in one cerebral hemisphere with the same place in the other cerebral hemisphere
73
what is a leminiscus
collection of axons that winds (ribbon)
74
what is the difference between a ganglion and a nucleus
ganglion is in the PNS nucleus is in the CNS
75
what is the function of the medial prefrontal cortex
social behaviors working memory other "executive" functions
76
what 8 structures are included in the limbic system
olfactory bulbs cingulate cortex hippocampus amygdala anterior thalamic nuclei fornix mamillary body parahippocampal gyrus
77
what are the functions of the limbic system
mediates emotions, memory, and social behaviors
78
what is the function of the hippocampus
declarative learning and memory
79
what is the function of the amygdala
mediates aggressiveness, fear, anxiety
80
what is the function of the basal ganglia
mediates motor, procedural learning, and reward functions
81
what are the three components of the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus
82
what are the two components of the striatum
dorsal striatum ventral striatum
83
what is the dorsal striatum
caudate nucleus and putamen receives dopaminergic input from substantia nigra
84
what is the ventral striatum
includes nucleus accumbens involved in reward mechanisms and receives dopaminergic input
85
what is the difference in location between the globus pallidus and the putamen
globus pallidus is more internal than the putamen
86
what is the lentiform/lenticular nucleus
globus pallidus and putamen
87
what kind of neurons are in the basal forebrain
ACh
88
what is the pathway from the eyes
optic nerve optic chiasm optic tract lateral geniculate nucleus
89
what are the two main blood supplies to the brain
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
90
where do the vertebral arteries run through vertebrae and where do they supply blood
on dorsal side of neck supply blood to caudal brain structures
91
where is the internal carotid relative to the vertebral arteries and where does it supply blood
lies more anterior supplies more rostral structures of the brain
92
what is the function of the circle of willis
redundancy of blood supply
93
what supplies the cerebellum with blood
cerebellar arteries
94
what supplies the cerebral cortex with blood
anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
95
what is the function of the BBB
to keep toxins, bacteria, other substances out of the brain
96
what crosses the BBB easily by passive diffusion
gasses lipophilic / hydrophobic molecules
97
how does glucose and AA get into the brain
transport proteins - can be by active, passive, or facilitated diffusion
98
what are brodmanns areas based on
cytoarchitectural (structure) as opposed to functional differences because he hypothesized that the physical differences are related to different functions
99
what is the function of brodmanns area 1, 2, 3
primary somatosensory
100
what is the function of brodmanns area 4
primary motor
101
what is the function of brodmanns area 17
primary visual
102
what is the function of brodmanns area 41/42
auditory
103
what is the function of brodmanns area 44/45
brocas area
104
what is the function of brodmanns area posterior 22
wernickes area
105
what is the difference between brocas and wernickes areas
brocas: speech production wernikes: language comprehension
106
what is computerized tomography
CT measure of x ray absorption at several positions around the head - generates low resolution anatomical map of brain based on tissue density to show brain structure
107
what is magnetic resonance imaging
MRI strong magnets cause protons to line up, the pulse of radio waves alters the spin of proteins, then protons reconfigure themselves emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density - higher resolution image of brain structure
108
what is the primary source of energy for the brain and how is it stored
glucose is not stored, is brought in with blood supply
109
what is a functional MRI
fMRI active neurons have greater blood flow so fMRI measures changes in magnetization between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood - uses blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast as a measure - measures are relative
110
what kind of brain activity does fMRI measure
indirect measure of brain activity because detects the change in blood flow and oxygen use in active brain regions - temporal resolution of a few seconds
111
what is positron emission tomography
PET uses radioactive chemicals injected into the bloodstream and maps their destination by the radioactive emissions - identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions
112

Lab Techniques in Neuroscience (3 decks)

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