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Lab Techniques in Neuroscience > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between rostral and caudal

A

rostral: anterior
caudal: posterior

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2
Q

what nerves make up the somatic nervous system

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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3
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system

A

innervated skeletal muscles and carries sensory information from periphery to CNS

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4
Q

what is the function of the autonomic (visceral) nervous system

A

regulates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

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5
Q

what are the three overarching components of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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6
Q

what is the dorsal root

A

sensory (cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia)

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7
Q

what is the ventral root

A

motor (cell bodies are in ventral horn - no ganglia)

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8
Q

why are the tracts (outside) of the spinal cord lighter in color

A

axons are myelinated

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9
Q

what are the three meninges surrounding the CNS

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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10
Q

what is the subdural hematoma

A

forms when blood vessels rupture and blood collects between the dura and arachnoid

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11
Q

what is the name for the forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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12
Q

what is the name for the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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13
Q

what is the name for the hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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14
Q

what are the two components of the prosencephalon

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

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15
Q

what structures are contained in the telencephalon

A

cerebrum
hippocampus
basal ganglia
olfactory bulb

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16
Q

what structures are contained in the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

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17
Q

what structures are contained in the mesencephalon

A

(midbrain)
tectum (roof)
superior and inferior colliculi
cerebral peduncle (midbrain tegmentum and substantia nigra)

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18
Q

what are the two components of the rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon
myelencephalon

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19
Q

what are the structures contained in the metencephalon

A

pons
cerebellum

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20
Q

what are the structures contained in the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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21
Q

what is the difference between a gyrus, sulcus, and fissure

A

gyrus: bump of cerebrum surface
sulcus: groove in cerebrum surface
fissure: especially deep sulcus

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22
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal: front
temporal: side
parietal: top
occipital: back

insula: limbic system within the folds of the brain

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23
Q

what is the fissure separating the frontal and temporal lobe called

A

lateral (sylvian) fissure

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24
Q

what is the sulcus separating the frontal and parietal lobe called

A

central sulcus

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25
Q

what is the superior temporal gyrus

A

bump under the lateral fissure that contains neurons involved in audition (hearing)

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26
Q

what are the precentral and postcentral gyrus

A

pre: in front of central sulcus (motor)
post: behind central sulcus (sensory)

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27
Q

where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurons located

A

precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

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28
Q

what do motor axons pass through in the brain

A

internal capsule

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29
Q

what do motor axons pass through in the midbrain

A

cerebral peduncle

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30
Q

where do motor axons pass through and cross

A

pyramids (pyramidal tract)

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31
Q

what is a nerve

A

collection/bundle of axons in the PNS

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32
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve I

A

olfactory nerve
sensory - smell

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33
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve II

A

optic nerve
sensory - visual information

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34
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor
motor - muscles that move eyes

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35
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear
motor - muscles that move the eyes

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36
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal
sensory - touch/pain sensation from face and meninges
motor - jaw muscles

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37
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve VI

A

abducens
motor - muscles that move the eyes

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38
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve VII

A

facial
sensory - taste from front of tongue
motor - facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands

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39
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear
sensory - balance and hearing

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40
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal
sensory - taste and touch for back of tongue
motor - throat muscles (swallowing)

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41
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve X

A

vagus
sensory - sensory information back to CNS
motor - internal organs

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42
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve XI

A

spinal accessory
motor - motor information to neck

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43
Q

what is name and function of cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal
motor - motor information to tongue

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44
Q

what does the brain float in

A

CSF

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45
Q

what are the ventricles

A

interconnected CSF-filled caverns inside brain
lateral (left/right)
third
fourth

46
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF

47
Q

where is CSF reabsorbed into

A

subarachnoid space

48
Q

what is the septum pellucidum

A

vertical membrane that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

49
Q

how much CSF is made in one day

50
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

excess CSF that occurs when the flow of CSF through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space is impaired

51
Q

what is the dorsal part of the diencephalon

52
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

relays most types of sensory information to neocortex

53
Q

what is the ventral part of the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

controls autonomic NS
controls motivated behaviors
controls many endocrine systems via pituitary gland

55
Q

what are the two main structures of the mesencephalon

A

(midbrain)
tectum
tegmentum

56
Q

what are the two structures of the tectum

A

superior colliculus
inferior colliculus

57
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculus

A

visual processing

58
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculus

A

auditory processing

59
Q

what three structures are included in the tegmentum

A

substantia nigra
reticular formation
periaqueductal gray

60
Q

what is the function of the substantia nigra

A

dopamine producing cells

61
Q

what is the function of the reticular formation

62
Q

what is the function of the periaqueductal gray

A

pain modulation

63
Q

what are the three structures of the rhombencephalon

A

pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum

64
Q

what are the functions of the pons

A

modulate hearing, vestibular functions, taste functions

pontine reticular formation - sleep and arousal

65
Q

what are the functions of the medulla oblongata

A

nuclei crucial for vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
contains tracts to/from the spinal cord/brain

66
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

fine motor control

67
Q

what is white matter

A

collection of axons that are myelinated

68
Q

what is a nerve

A

collection of axons in the PNS

69
Q

what is a tract

A

collection of axons in the CNS that have the same origin/destination

70
Q

what is a bundle

A

collection of axons that can have multiple origins/destinations

71
Q

what is a capsule

A

collection of axons that connects the cerebrum with the brain stem
includes the internal and external capsule

72
Q

what is a commissure

A

collections of axons that connect one place in one cerebral hemisphere with the same place in the other cerebral hemisphere

73
Q

what is a leminiscus

A

collection of axons that winds (ribbon)

74
Q

what is the difference between a ganglion and a nucleus

A

ganglion is in the PNS
nucleus is in the CNS

75
Q

what is the function of the medial prefrontal cortex

A

social behaviors
working memory
other “executive” functions

76
Q

what 8 structures are included in the limbic system

A

olfactory bulbs
cingulate cortex
hippocampus
amygdala
anterior thalamic nuclei
fornix
mamillary body
parahippocampal gyrus

77
Q

what are the functions of the limbic system

A

mediates emotions, memory, and social behaviors

78
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus

A

declarative learning and memory

79
Q

what is the function of the amygdala

A

mediates aggressiveness, fear, anxiety

80
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

mediates motor, procedural learning, and reward functions

81
Q

what are the three components of the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

82
Q

what are the two components of the striatum

A

dorsal striatum
ventral striatum

83
Q

what is the dorsal striatum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen
receives dopaminergic input from substantia nigra

84
Q

what is the ventral striatum

A

includes nucleus accumbens
involved in reward mechanisms and receives dopaminergic input

85
Q

what is the difference in location between the globus pallidus and the putamen

A

globus pallidus is more internal than the putamen

86
Q

what is the lentiform/lenticular nucleus

A

globus pallidus and putamen

87
Q

what kind of neurons are in the basal forebrain

88
Q

what is the pathway from the eyes

A

optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
lateral geniculate nucleus

89
Q

what are the two main blood supplies to the brain

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

90
Q

where do the vertebral arteries run through vertebrae and where do they supply blood

A

on dorsal side of neck
supply blood to caudal brain structures

91
Q

where is the internal carotid relative to the vertebral arteries and where does it supply blood

A

lies more anterior
supplies more rostral structures of the brain

92
Q

what is the function of the circle of willis

A

redundancy of blood supply

93
Q

what supplies the cerebellum with blood

A

cerebellar arteries

94
Q

what supplies the cerebral cortex with blood

A

anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

95
Q

what is the function of the BBB

A

to keep toxins, bacteria, other substances out of the brain

96
Q

what crosses the BBB easily by passive diffusion

A

gasses
lipophilic / hydrophobic molecules

97
Q

how does glucose and AA get into the brain

A

transport proteins
- can be by active, passive, or facilitated diffusion

98
Q

what are brodmanns areas based on

A

cytoarchitectural (structure) as opposed to functional differences because he hypothesized that the physical differences are related to different functions

99
Q

what is the function of brodmanns area 1, 2, 3

A

primary somatosensory

100
Q

what is the function of brodmanns area 4

A

primary motor

101
Q

what is the function of brodmanns area 17

A

primary visual

102
Q

what is the function of brodmanns area 41/42

103
Q

what is the function of brodmanns area 44/45

A

brocas area

104
Q

what is the function of brodmanns area posterior 22

A

wernickes area

105
Q

what is the difference between brocas and wernickes areas

A

brocas: speech production
wernikes: language comprehension

106
Q

what is computerized tomography

A

CT
measure of x ray absorption at several positions around the head

  • generates low resolution anatomical map of brain based on tissue density to show brain structure
107
Q

what is magnetic resonance imaging

A

MRI
strong magnets cause protons to line up, the pulse of radio waves alters the spin of proteins, then protons reconfigure themselves emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density

  • higher resolution image of brain structure
108
Q

what is the primary source of energy for the brain and how is it stored

A

glucose
is not stored, is brought in with blood supply

109
Q

what is a functional MRI

A

fMRI
active neurons have greater blood flow so fMRI measures changes in magnetization between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
- uses blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast as a measure
- measures are relative

110
Q

what kind of brain activity does fMRI measure

A

indirect measure of brain activity because detects the change in blood flow and oxygen use in active brain regions
- temporal resolution of a few seconds

111
Q

what is positron emission tomography

A

PET
uses radioactive chemicals injected into the bloodstream and maps their destination by the radioactive emissions
- identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions

Lab Techniques in Neuroscience (3 decks)

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