MODULE 2 Flashcards
Numbers that summarize information related to health.
HEALTH STATISTICS
Researchers and experts from government, private, and non-profit agencies and organizations collect health statistics.
HEALTH STATISTICS
They use the statistics to learn about public health and health care.
HEALTH STATISTICS
The World Health Organization’s (WHO) annual compilation of the most recent data on health and health-related indicators for its 194 Member States.
WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS REPORT
It presents health trends from 2000-2019 across countries, regions and income groups with the latest data for more than 50 health-related indicators for the SDGs and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13).
WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS REPORT
Health indicator is a measurable characteristic that describes the following:
- the health of population (e.g., life expectancy, mortality, disease prevalence or
incidence); - determinants of health (health behaviors, risk factors);
- health care access, cost, quality and use.
It may be defined for a specific population, place, political jurisdiction, or geographic
area.
HEALTH INDICATOR
4 health indicators:
- HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS
- RISK FACTORS
- SERVICE COVERAGE
- HEALTH SYSTEMS
Mortality by age, sex and cause, core morbidity and fertility indicators
HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS
Nutrition, environmental, behavioral, injuries and violence.
RISK FACTORS
Reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent, immunization, HIV, TB, malaria, NTDs, NCDs, mental health and substance abuse
SERVICE COVERAGE
Health facility density and distribution, health workforce, health information, and quality and safety of care, health security capacity
HEALTH SYSTEMS
Leading causes of morbidity in the philippines in 2017, by disease
ACUTE UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION and ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
From the French SUR (over) and VEILLER (to watch) — is the “close
and continuous observation of one or more persons for the purpose of direction,
supervision, or control”(Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
SURVEILLANCE
In his classic 1963 paper, Alexander Langmuir applied surveillance for a disease to mean “the continued watchfulness over the distribution and trends of incidence [of a disease] through
the systematic collection, consolidation, and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant data.”
SURVEILLANCE
He applied surveillance for a disease to mean “the continued
watchfulness over the distribution and trends of incidence…
ALEXANDER LANGMUIR
Those persons conducting surveillance should:
- Identify, define, and measure the health problem of interest;
- Collect and compile data about the problem (and if possible, factors that influence it);
- Analyze and interpret these data;
- Provide these data and their interpretation
to those responsible for controlling the health problem; and - Monitor and periodically evaluate the usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve it for
future use
Note that surveillance of a problem does not include actions to
control the problem.
Information that is quantifiable and is reported as number; has value and many uses, but cannot be compared.
METRIC
Example:
- Total health expenditures
- Number of ER visits due to opioid poisoning
METRIC
Puts metrics into some kind of context, usually using a ratio (per X) and designed to ensure comparability (e.g., being risk-adjusted or standardized). Directionality may or may not exist.
HEALTH INDICATOR
Example:
- Cost of a standard hospital stay
- Proportion of physicians in rural areas
HEALTH INDICATOR
A health indicator that has a desired direction (e.g., lower is better).
HEALTH PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
Example:
- 30-day surgical readmission rate
- Hospitalizations entirely attributable to alcohol
HEALTH PERFORMANS INDICATOR
Non-medical factors that influence health outcomes.
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDH)
They are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the
wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDH)
These forces and systems include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies and political systems.
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (SDH)
The SDH have an important influence on________ the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries. In countries at all levels of income, health and illness follow a social gradient: the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health.
HEALTH INEQUITIES
Social determinants of health
- Income and social status
- Education
- Physical environment
- Employment and working conditions
- Social support networks
- Culture
- Genetics
- Personal behavior and coping skills
- Health services
- Gender
Higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health
INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS
Low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence.
EDUCATION
Safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
People in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditions.
EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS
Greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health.
SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS
Customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health.
CULTURE
Inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses.
GENETICS
Balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and
how we deal with life’s stresses and challenges all affect health.
PERSONAL BEHAVIOR AND COPING SKILLS
Access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health
HEALTH SERVICES
Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages.
GENDER
Defined as the absence of unfair and avoidable or remediable differences in health among population groups defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically.
HEALTH EQUITY
Poorer populations systematically experience worse health than richer populations. For example:
- There is a difference of 18 years of life expectancy between high- and low-
income countries; - In 2016, the majority of the 15 million premature deaths due to non-
communicable diseases (NCDs) occurred in low- and middle-income
countries; - Relative gaps within countries between poorer and richer subgroups for diseases like cancer have increased in all regions across the world;
- The under-5 mortality rate is more than eight times higher in Africa than the European region. Within countries, improvements in child health between poorest and richest subgroups have been impaired by slower improvements for poorer subgroups.
Such trends within and between countries are unfair, unjust and avoidable. Many of these health differences are caused by the decision-making processes, policies, social norms and structures which exist at all levels in society.
Socially determined, preventing poorer populations from moving up in society and making the most of their potential.
HEALTH INEQUITIES
Scaled up and systematic action is required that is universal but proportionate to the disadvantage across the social gradient. This is necessary for effective delivery to addressing inequities in health and promoting healthier populations.
ADDRESSING HEALTH INEQUITIES
Three areas for critical action identified in the report of the Global Commission on Social Determinants of HealthLinks to an external site. reflect their importance in tackling inequities in health. These include:
- Improve daily living conditions:
- The circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age;
- Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources:
- The structural drivers of those conditions of daily life (for example, macroeconomic and urbanization policies and governance);
- Measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action:
- Expand the knowledge base, develop a workforce that is trained in the social determinants of health, and raise public awareness about the social determinants of health.
Systematic process that uses an array of data sources and analytic methods and considers input from stakeholders to determine the potential effects of a proposed policy, plan, program, or project on the health of a population and the distribution of the effects within the population. HIA provides recommendations on monitoring
and managing those effects.
The International Association of Impact Assessment (Quigley et al. 2006)
HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Identified as one of the tools able to promote and enable implementation of the concept of Health in All Policies.
HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Health impact assessment is derived from 2 sources:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT and HEALTH PROMOTION
Steps in Health Impact Assessment:
(1)Screening determines whether a proposal is likely to have affecting health and whether the HIA will provide information useful to the stakeholders and decision-makers.
(2)Scoping establishes the scope of health effects that will be included in the HIA, the populations affected, the HIA team, sources of data, methods to be used, and alternatives to be considered.
(3)Assessment involves a two-step process that first describes the baseline health status of the affected population and then assesses potential impacts.
(4)Recommendations suggest design alternatives that could be implemented to improve health or actions that could be taken to manage the health effects, if any, that are identified.
(5)Reporting documents and presents the findings and recommendations to stakeholders and decision-makers.
(6)Monitoring and evaluation are variably grouped and described. Monitoring can include monitoring of the adoption and implementation of HIA recommendations or monitoring of changes in health or health determinants. Evaluation can address the process, impact, or outcomes of an HIA.
Socially determined, preventing poorer populations from moving up in society and making the most of their potential.
HEALTH INEQUITIES
