MODULE 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Components of Nucleoside
A
Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar
2
Q
Components of Nucleotide
A
Nitrogenous base + Pentose Sugar + Phosphate (PO4)
3
Q
Structures:
Adenine(A)
Guanine(G)
Thymine(T)
Cytosine(C)
Uracil(U)
A
For DNA: A-T, C-G
For RNA: A-U, C-G
4
Q
Bond between oxygen part of the Phosphate and Pentose sugar
A
Phosphodiester bond
5
Q
Hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons; bond is weaker than ionic bond or covalent bond but stronger than van der Waals forces
A
Hydrogen Bond
6
Q
Glycosidic bond formed between sugar and nitrogen base
Bond that connects adenine and ribose in the molecule adenosine
A
N-glycosidic bond
7
Q
DNA
Pentose
Base
Location
Form
Shape
A
- 2-deoxyribose
- A=T, C=G
- Nucleus and Mitochondria
- Double stranded
- double, triple, quadruple helix, cruciform
8
Q
RNA
Pentose
Base
Location
Form
Shape
A
- Ribose
- A=U, C=G
- Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytosol
- single stranded
- Cloverleaf, random and hairpin loops, cruciform
9
Q
Basic unit of heredity and codes for specific products (RNA, proteins)
A
Gene
10
Q
Self-replicating unit, holds all genes, condenses DNA
A
Chromosome
(46 chromosomes = 23 base pairs, 22 somatic, 1 sex pili)
11
Q
Collection of all genetic information
A
Genome
12
Q
Genome of all microorganism in the body
A
Microbiome
13
Q
Location of DNA Replication
A
Nucleus, Mitochondria
14
Q
Location of DNA Transcription
A
Nucleus
15
Q
Location of DNA Translation - mRNA
A
Cytosol - aids of ribosomes
16
Q
DNA Replication
A
DNA-dependent DNA synthesis
17
Q
DNA Transcription
A
DNA-dependent RNA synthesis
18
Q
DNA Translation
A
Conversion of RNA to proteins
19
Q
Correct sequence: DNA Replication
A
Initiation > Elongation> Termination
20
Q
Enzymes utilized during Initiation stage
unwinding dsDNA
A
Helicase
21
Q
Enzymes utilized during Initiation stage
Relieves supercoiling
A
DNA Gyrase (Topoisomerase II)
22
Q
Enzymes utilized during Initiation stage
adds RNA primer
A
Primase
23
Q
Enzymes utilized during Elongation stage
attach to single strands to prevent re-annealing
A
SSBP (single-stranded binding protein)
24
Q
Enzymes utilized during Elongation stage
Adds nucleotides from 5 - 3 direction relative to daughter strand, has exonuclease activity - proofread & correct errors (1 error for 1 billion base pairs)
A
DNA polymerase
25
# **Kinds of DNA Polymerase**
**1. DNA polymerase α**
Primase
26
# **Kinds of DNA Polymerase**
**2. DNA polymerase β**
Proof-reading
27
# **Kinds of DNA Polymerase**
**3. DNA polymerase ε**
Elongation: **LEADING** strand
28
# **Kinds of DNA Polymerase**
**4. DNA polymerase δ**
Elongation: **LAGGING** strand
29
# **Kinds of DNA Polymerase**
**5. DNA polymerase γ**
Mitchondrial DNA Replication
30
**Enzymes** utilized during **T****ermination stage**
**DNA Ligase** - enzyme connects the **OKAZAKI fragment**
31
RNA Polymerase
**Transcription** process
Attaches to **consensus sequences**
*No primers* required
32
# **Kind of RNA Polymerase**
CAAT box
**(Hogness box) - Euk**
33
# **Kind of RNA Polymerase**
TATA box
**(Pribnow box) - Prok**
34
# **Post-transcriptional process**
Addition of 7-Methylguanosine Cap
| 1st Step
Protects **mRNA** from **Hydrolysis**
35
# **Post-transcriptional process**
Addition of poly-Adenosine tail
| 2nd Step
**Polyadenylation**
36
# **Post-transcriptional process**
Splicing
| 3rd Step
**Removal of INTRONS** (noncoding sequence) from the **mRNA**
37
Triplet sequences of nucleotides (seen in RNA only)
**CODON** - codes specific amino acid
38
# **Codon Properties**
1 codon code for 1 amino acid
**Specific**
39
# **Codon Properties**
multiple codons code for 1 amino acid
**Degenerate/ Redundant**
40
Essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (**Non-coding RNA**) or by forming a template for production of proteins (**mRNA**).
**RNA** (Rebonucleic acid)
41
# **Types of RNA**
**rRNA** (RNA Polymerase I)
**Ribosomal RNA**
42
# **Types of RNA**
**mRNA** (RNA Polymerase II)
**Messenger RNA** (Carries Genetic information)
43
# **Types of RNA**
**tRNA** (RNA Polymerase III)
**TRANSFERS** amino acid from **Cytosol **to **Ribosomes**
3′ end > CCA sequence (where amino acid attached)
44
Occurs in **GOLGI bodies**
**Post-Translation Modification**
-involves **Glycosylation** and **Proteolytic** **Cleavage**
45
AUG
****START CODON
46
UAA-UAG-UGA
**STOP CODON**
-once reached, release factors bind to RIBOSOME > Dissociation
47
**Sum of all chemical process** that makes the cells self-perpetuating
**METABOLISM**
48
# **Types of Metabolism**
Building up; Energy consuming
**ANABOLISM**
49
# **Types of Metabolism**
(cut) Breaking down; Energy producing
**CATABOLISM**
50
# **Types of Metabolism**
both have Anabolic and Catabolic parts
**AMPHIBOLIC**
51
Energy investment stage
**Glycolysis**
52
# **Glycolysis**
enzyme that converts **GLUCOSE to Glucose-6-phosphate** using 1 ATP > ADP
**Hexokinase**
53
# **Glycolysis**
enzyme that converts **Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose1-6-biphosphate** using 1 ATP > ADP
**Phosphofructokinase**
54
enzyme responsible for **transfer of Phosphate group**
**Kinases**
55
enzyme that **catalyzes redox reaction**
**Dehydrogenases**
56
enzymes that convert a molecule from **one isomer to another**
**Isomerases**
57
**No. of ATP** produced from beta-oxidation of **linolenic acid**
**140**
58
**black urine disease** caused by **homogenistic acid**, oxidized into **melanin-like compound**
**Alkaptonuria**
59
defect in **phenylalanine hydroxylase**
**Phenylketonuria**
60
**maple syrup disease** or **branched amino acid aciduria** (Val, Leu, Ile)
**Alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase**
61
# **Type of Mutation**
coding of a stop codon
**Nonsense**
62
# **Type of Mutation**
coding of different amino acid
**Missense**
63
# **Type of Mutation**
no change in protein sequence
**Silent**
64
# **Type of Mutation**
single base change; may be silent, missense or nonsense
**Point**
65
# **Type of Mutation**
Insertion of 1 or more bases in DNA portion
**Insertion**
66
# **Type of Mutation**
removal of 1 or more bases
**Deletion**
67
# **Type of Mutation**
Insertion or Deletion of a number of bases that is not multiple of 3
**Frameshift**
68
# **Type of Mutation**
purine nucleotide is substituted w/purine or pyrimidine w/ pyrimidine
**Transitional**
69
# **Type of Mutation**
purine is replaced w/ pyridine or vice versa
**T****ransversional**
70
Nyctalopia (night blindness) and Xerophthalmia
**Vitamin A deficiency** (Retinol)
71
Beri Beri/Wernicke-Korsakoff in alcoholics
**Vitamin B1 deficiency** (Thiamine)
| **Coenzyme:** TPP (thiaminpyrophosphate)
## Footnote
**Function:** Aldehyde grp transfer
72
Cheliosis
**Vitamin B2 Deficiency** (Riboflavin)
| **Coenzyme:** FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
## Footnote
**Function:** Oxidation or Hydrogen Transfer
73
Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, delirium)
**Vitamin B3 deficiency** (Niacin)
| **Coenzyme:** NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
## Footnote
**Function:** Oxidation or Hydrogen Transfer
74
Burning feet syndrome
**Vitamin B5 deficiency** (Pantothenic acid)
| **Coenzyme:** CoA (coenzyme A)
## Footnote
**Function:** acetyl group carrier
75
Peripheral neuropathy
**Vitamin B6 deficiency** (Pyridoxine)
76
Dermatitis, alopecia, Lethargy, hallucinations
**Vitamin B7/H deficiency** (Biotin)
| **Coenzyme:** Biotin
## Footnote
**Function:** Addition of carboxyl group (carboxylase)
77
Megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida (fetus)
**Vitamin B9 deficiency** (Folic acid)
78
Pernicious Anemia, Megaloblastic anemia
**Vitamin B12 deficiency** (Cobalamin)
| **Coenzyme:** B12
## Footnote
**Function:** Methyl group transfer
79
Scurvy
**Vitamin C deficiency** (Ascorbic acid)
80
Rickets (osteomalacia in adults)
**Vitamin D deficiency** (Calciferol)
81
nerve and muscle damage, vission problems
**Vitamin E deficiency** (Tocopherol)
82
Prolonged bleeding
**Vitamin K1 deficiency** (phylloquinone) **Vitamin K2 deficiency** (menaquinone)
83
Liquid phase remains on the blood after blood coagulation
**Serum** = plasma (clotting factors)
84
blood - cellular components (solid)
**Plasma**
85
clotting factor 1a
**Fibrin**
86
produced by liver mitochondria from acetyl CoA derived fro FA or pyruvate oxidation
**Ketone Bodies** (sources of energy in peripheral tissues)
acetyl CoA oxidized by TCA cycle
87
what are the ketone bodies
**Acetoacetic acid
β-hydroxybutyric acid
Acetone**
88
Not a ketone body and produce in the Krebs Cycle
**Oxaloacetic acid**
89
# **Mucopolysaccharide**
gel-like ground substance of connective tissues
**Hyaluronic acid**
90
# **Mucopolysaccharide**
prevents coagulation of blood
**Heparin**
91
# **Mucopolysaccharide**
major components of bones and cartilages
**Chondroitin sulfate**
92
# **TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)**
Produces NADH (converted to 3 ATP)
**Isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate
α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA**
93
# **TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)**
produces FADH2 (converted to 2 ATP)
**Succinate to fumarate**
94
# **TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)**
produces 1 NADH
**L-malate to oxaloactate**
95
# **TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)**
produces 1 GTP (converted to 1 ATP)
**Succinyl CoA to succinate**
96
# **TCA cycle (Ticarboxylic acid)**
no production of ATP
**Citrate to isocitrate**
97
also known as **lecithin**
**Phosphatidylcholine**
98
also known as **cephalin**
**Phosphatidylethanolamine**
99
also known as **cardiolipin**
**Phosphatidylglycerol**
100
also known as **Phospholipid**
**Phosphatidylserine**
101
**Glu** (acidic amino acid) replaced by **Val** (non-polar amino acid)
**Sickel cell anemia** (RBC become sticky and prone to clumping)
102
**Glu** replaced by **Lys**
**Hemoglobin-C Disease**
103
**mirror images** of each other
**Enantiomers**
104
same molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms
**Isomers** (D-mannose & D-galactose)
105
differ in position of hydroxyl group in anomeric carbon
**Anomers**
106
differ in position of hydroxyl grp at 1 carbon other than anomeric carbon
**Epimers** (D-galactose & D-glucose)
107
2 glucose
**Maltose**
108
glucose + fructose
**Sucrose**
109
glucose + galactose
**Lactose**
110
How many cleavage ATP is required for the formation of **carbamoyl phosphate synthase** from CO2 and free ammonia **(urea synthesis)**
**2 ATP**
111
requirement cleavage in the formation of arginosuccinate from condensation of citruline and aspartate
**ATP to AMP**
112
* Growth failure (P)
* Muscle wasting (P)
* Edema (P)
* mental changes (may occur)
* Appetite **(poor)**
* Anemia **(Severe)**
* Face **(Edematous - moon)**
* subcutaneous fat (P)
**KWASHIORKOR**
113
* Growth failure (P)
* Muscle wasting (P)
* Edema **(A)**
* mental changes (may occur)
* Appetite **(normal)**
* Anemia **(Less Severe)**
* Face **(drawn in - monkey)**
* subcutaneous fat **(A)**
**Marasmus**
114
**digestive enzyme** confine to **golgi apparatus**
**Lysosomes**
115
**oxidative enzyme** confined to **endoplastmic reticulum**
**Peroxisomes**
116
**Inactive zymogens** that are precursor of **GI enzymes**
* **Procarboxypeptidase** (Carboxypeptidase)
* **Pepsinogen** (Pepsin)
* **Chrymotrypsinogen** (chymotrypsin)
117
Hexosaminidase A
**Tay-sachs disease**
118
Arylsulphatase A
**Metachromatic leukodystrophy**
119
Sphingomyelinase
**Niemann-Pick Disease**
120
ceramidase
**Farber's disease**
121
function of plasma albumin
Osmosis & Transport
| Albumin transport **FA, bilirubin, calcium**
## Footnote
**Decrease in albumin levels** results in loss of water **(osmosis**) from blood and enter into intestinal fluids > **EDEMA**
122
Main source of reducing equivalents (NADPH) for Lipogenesis
**Pentose Phosphate Pathway**
123
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates involves
**Irreversible inhibition**
124
produce by **β-cells of islets of Langerhans**
**Insulin** is a polypeptide hormone
125
# OXAZONE FORMATION
Needle shape
**Glucose**
126
# OXAZONE FORMATION
Rhombic
**Galactose**
127
# OXAZONE FORMATION
Sunflower
**Maltose**
128
# OXAZONE FORMATION
Powder puff
**Lactose**
129
# OXAZONE FORMATION
Crystal-like
**Sucrose**
130
Polar amino side chain
Serine
Asparagine
Tyrosine
Threonine
Gluthamine
Cysteine
| **SATTGC**
131
Aromatic amino acid **Tryptophan** originates from
**Anthranillic acid** (during **Shikimic acid pathway**)
132
reacting a base w/ fat or oil
**Soap**
133
a soap that usses **NaOH**
**Hard soap**
134
a soap that uses **KOH**
**Soft soap**
135
liquid left after **seperation of coagulum**
**Whey**
136
milk left after **seperation of cream**
**Skimmed milk**
137
liquid left **after fat globules unite**
**Buttermilk**
138
reacts positively in **Murexide test**
**Caffeine** (Purple color + bromine water)
| has **anabolic effect** (synthesis of glycogen)
139
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
**acetyl CoA**
| **Krebs cycle**
140
Pyruvate carboxylase
**Oxaloacetate**
| **Gluconeogenesis**
141
Pyruvate decarboxylase
**Acetaldehyde** > ethanol
142
lactate dehydrogenase
**lactate/lactic acid**
143
undergo process of collection and drying
**Crude drugs**
144
undissolved portion of drug
**Marc**
145
solvent use for extraction
**Menstruum**
146
product of extraction
**Extractive**
147
# Solvents for extraction
Hexane
**Fats**
148
# Solvents for extraction
Alcohol
**Resin**
149
# Solvents for extraction
Acetone
**Chlorophyll**
150
# Solvents for extraction
Acetic acid
**Solanin**
151
# Solvents for extraction
Hot benzene
**Chrysarobin**
152
# Proteins
Nucleoproteins
| nucleic acids
**Nuclein**
153
Lipoproteins
Lecithin****
154
phosphoproteins
**Casein**
155
Metalloproteins
**enzymes**
156
Glycoprotein
| carbohydrates
**Mucin**
157
Pharmakon; gnosis
(pharmacognosy)
**Drug; knowledge**
158
first person to use pharmacognosy term
**J.A. Schmidt**
159
ester resulting from condensation of high-molecular weight, primary, straight-chain alcohols
**Waxes**
160
fixed oils, fats, waxes
**Lipids**
161
**prufied prep. of gonadotropins** obtained from **urine** of **postmenopausal women**
**Urogonadotropin**
162
substance deteted from **pregnant**
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (**HCG**)
163
**Synthetic human growth hormone**
**Somatropin**
164
hormone stimulating the release of **LH and FSH** from Pituitary
**Gonadorelin**
165
product of nitric acid and sulphuric aciid on cotton
**Pyroxylin**
166
soluution of Pyroxylin in **ether and alcohol**
**Colloidion**
167
Veratum viridae
**Green Hellbore**
168
veratum album
**White Hellbore**
169
Cetha edulis
**Khat**
170
Lophophora williamsii
**Peyote cactus**
171
# **3 main classes of prostaglandins**
α, β-unsaturated keto group
## Footnote
Cassified according to **functional groups** around **cyclopentane ring**
**Series A**
172
# **3 main classes of prostaglandins**
β-hydroxyketone grp
**Series E**
173
# **3 main classes of prostaglandins**
1,3-diol
**Series F**
174
Careless addition of adulterants
**Admixture**
175
intentional addition of adulterants
**Sophistication**
176
addition of different substance other than desired substance
**Substitution**
177
addition of deteriorant
**Spoilage**
178
wax sourced from sperm whale
**Ambergris** (perfumery)
179
obtained from palm tree
**Carnauba wax**
180
Montan
Mineral wax****
181
**Most important** opium alkaloid
**Morphine** (Prototype of opiate analgesic)
| CNS > Analagesis
182
**Most widely used** opium alkaloid
**Codeine**
183
acetylation of morphine and forbidden by law
**Heroin**
184
powerful analgesic which strongly depress Respi
**Hydromorphone/dihydromorphinone**
185
ipomoea aquatica
**Kangkong**
186
Ipomoea batatas
**kamote**
187
Matricaria recutita
**Chamomile**
188
Tanacetuum parthenium
**Feverfew**
189
D-fructan used in culture media and evaluating rnal function
**Inulin (β-2, 1 bond)**
190
polyglucan which is a transglucosylase dehydrogenase
**Dextran (α-1,6 bonds)**
191
Glycoxylic acid reaction
**Hopkins' Cole** (indole grp presence in **tryptophan**)
192
6-membered ring (5 carbons & one Oxygen)
**Pyranose**
193
5-membered ring (4 carbons & one Oxygen)
**Furanose**
194
synthesized from arachidonic acid
**Prostaglandins**
195
essential amino acid for Children
**Histidine (His/H)
Isoleucine (Ile/I)
Leucine (Leu/L)**
196
+deoxy sugars
**Dische test**
197
+phosphate groups
**Ammonium molybdate test**
198
+purines
**Murexide test**
199
+pyrimidines
**Wheeler-Johnson**
200
# Presence
Tyrosine (old rose ppt)
**Millon Nasse Test**
201
Tyrosine & Tryptophan (Yellow ppt)
**Xantoproteic Test**
202
peptide bonds(violet)
**Biuret test**
203
glycerol (upleasant odor)
**Acrolein test**
204
205
# **class of alkaloid/plant**
Nicotine
Areca
Lobella
| **NAL**
**Pyridine/Piperidine**
206
# **class of alkaloid/plant**
Cinchona
Cuprea
| **CC**
**Quinoline**
207
# **class of alkaloid/plant**
Opium
Tubocurarine
Ipecac
Sanguinaria
| **OTIS**
**Isoquinoline**
208
# **class of alkaloid/plant**
Chichirica
Rauwolfia
Ergot
Physostigmine
Nux Vomica
| **CREPN**
**Indole**
209
# **class of alkaloid/plant**
American/Green Hellbore
European/White Hellebore
| **AGEW**
**Steroidal**
210
# **class of alkaloid/plant**
Hyocyamus
Egyptian Hyocyamus
European Mandrake
Duboisia
Belladona
Jimson Weed
Cocaine
Withania
| **HEED BJ Co ako si Withania**
**Tropane**
211
Basic structure of proteins
**Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen**
Phosphorus (not all proteins)
212
unfolding of protein structure of 2,3,4 (extreme pH and temp)
**Denaturation**
213
form cytoskeleton w/ microtubles and myofibrils, provide support and shape, muscle contraction (myosin and actin)
**Microfilaments**
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
