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Sociology 1020 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Culture

A

Shared beliefs, values, and practices.

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2
Q

Society

A

People who live in a definable community and who share a culture.

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3
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture.

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4
Q

Cultural Universals

A

Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.

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5
Q

Material Culture

A

The objects or belongings of a group of people.

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6
Q

Nonmaterial Culture

A

The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society.

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7
Q

Cultural Imperialism

A

The deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture.

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8
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture.

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9
Q

Cultural Universals

A

Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.

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10
Q

Culture Shock

A

An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life.

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11
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture.

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12
Q

Material Culture

A

The objects or belongings of a group of people.

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13
Q

Nonmaterial Culture

A

The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society.

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14
Q

Xenocentrism

A

A belief that another culture is superior to one’s own.

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15
Q

Beliefs

A

Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.

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16
Q

Ideal Culture

A

The standards a society would like to embrace and live up to.

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17
Q

Real Culture

A

The way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists.

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18
Q

Sanctions

A

A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors.

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19
Q

Social Control

A

A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms.

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20
Q

Values

A

A culture’s standards for discerning what is good and just in society.

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20
Q

Values

A

A culture’s standards for discerning what is good and just in society.

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21
Q

Folkways

A

Direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of culture.

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22
Q

Formal Norms

A

Established, written rules

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23
Q

Informal Norms

A

Casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to.

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24
Q

Mores

A

The moral views and principles of a group.

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25
Q

Norm

A

The visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies through which societies are structured.

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26
Q

Language

A

A symbolic system of communication.

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27
Q

Mores

A

The views and principles of a group.

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28
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

The way that people understand the world is based on their form of language.

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29
Q

Symbols

A

Gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture.

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30
Q

Counterculture

A

Groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns.

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31
Q

High Culture

A

The Cultural patterns of society’s elite.

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32
Q

Popular Culture

A

Mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population.

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33
Q

Subcultures

A

Groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society.

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34
Q

Culture Lag

A

The gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it.

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35
Q

Diffusion

A

The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another.

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36
Q

Discoveries

A

Things and ideas are found from what already exists.

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37
Q

Globalization

A

The integration of international trade and finance markets.

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38
Q

Innovations

A

New objects or ideas are introduced to culture for the first time.

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39
Q

Inventions

A

A combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms.

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40
Q

Agricultural Societies

A

Societies that rely on farming as a way of life.

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41
Q

Feudal Societies

A

Societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection.

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42
Q

Horticultural societies

A

Societies based around the cultivation of plants.

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43
Q

Hunter-Gather Societies

A

Societies depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival.

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44
Q

Industrial Societies

A

Societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods.

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45
Q

Information Societies

A

Societies are based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services.

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46
Q

Pastoral Societies

A

Societies based around the domestication of animals.

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47
Q

Societies

A

A group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture.

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48
Q

Anomie

A

A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.

49
Q

Collective Conscience

A

The communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society.

50
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

A type of social order maintained by the collective consciences of a culture.

51
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

A type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences.

52
Q

Social Integration

A

How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group.

53
Q

Alienation

A

An individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self.

54
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The owners of the means of production in society.

55
Q

Capitalism

A

A way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make the transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government.

56
Q

Class Consciousness

A

The awareness of the one’s rank in society.

57
Q

False consciousness

A

A person’s beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests.

58
Q

Proletariat

A

The laborers in a society.

59
Q

Iron Cage

A

A situation in which an individual is trapped by a social institution.

60
Q

Rationalization

A

A belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition.

61
Q

Habitualization

A

The idea is that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit.

62
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

An idea that becomes true when acted upon.

63
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality.

64
Q

Achieved Status

A

The status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income.

65
Q

Ascribed Status

A

The status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race.

66
Q

Looking-glass Self

A

Our reflection of how we think we appear to others.

67
Q

Roles

A

Patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status.

68
Q

Sole-set

A

An array of roles attached to a particular status.

69
Q

Role Performance

A

The expression of a role.

70
Q

Role Strain

A

Stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role.

71
Q

Status

A

The responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society.

72
Q

Moral Development

A

The way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society.

73
Q

Nature

A

The influence of our genetic makeup on self-development.

74
Q

Nurture

A

The role that our social environment plays in self-development.

75
Q

Peer Group

A

A group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests.

76
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

The informal teaching is done in schools that socializes children to societal norms.

77
Q

Anticipatory Socialization

A

The way we prepare for future life roles.

78
Q

Degradation Ceremony

A

The process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones.

79
Q

Resocialization

A

The process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place.

80
Q

Aggregate

A

A collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity.

81
Q

Category

A

People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way.

82
Q

Expressive Function

A

A group function that serves an emotional need.

83
Q

Group

A

Any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity.

84
Q

In-Group

A

A group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity.

85
Q

Instrumental Function

A

Being oriented toward a task or goal.

86
Q

Out-Group

A

A group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with.

87
Q

Primary Groups

A

Small, informal groups of people who are closest to us.

88
Q

Reference Groups

A

Groups to which an individual compares herself.

89
Q

Secondary Groups

A

Larger and more impersonal groups that are task-forced and time limited.

90
Q

Dyad

A

A two-member group.

91
Q

Triad

A

A three-member group.

92
Q

Authoritarian Leader

A

A leader who issues orders and assigns tasks.

93
Q

Democratic Leader

A

A leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action.

94
Q

Expressive Leader

A

A leader who is concerned with the process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing.

95
Q

Laissiez-Faire Leader

A

A hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions.

96
Q

Leadership Function

A

The main focus or goal of a leader.

97
Q

Leadership Style

A

The style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members.

98
Q

Conformity

A

The extent to which an indicudual complies with group or societal norms.

99
Q

Bureaucracies

A

Formal organizations are characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.

100
Q

Clear Division of Labor

A

The fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform.

101
Q

Coercive Organizations

A

Organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prisons or a mental hospitals.

102
Q

Explicit Rules

A

The types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized.

103
Q

Formal Organizations

A

Large, impersonal organizations.

104
Q

Hierarchy of Authority

A

A clear chain of command is found in a bureaucracy.

105
Q

Impersonality

A

The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation.

106
Q

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

A

The theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration.

107
Q

Normative or Voluntary Organization

A

Organizations that people join to pursue on merit-proven and documented skills.

108
Q

Total Institution

A

An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs.

109
Q

Utilitarian Organization

A

Organization that are joined to fill a specific material need.

110
Q

McDonaldization of Society

A

The increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institution.

111
Q

Deviance

A

A violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms.

112
Q

Formal Sanctions

A

Sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced.

113
Q

Informal Sanctions

A

Sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions.

114
Q

Negative Sanctions

A

Punishments for violating norms.

115
Q

Sanctions

A

The means of enforcing rules.

116
Q

Social Control

A

The regulation and enforcement of norms.

117
Q

Social Order

A

An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives.

118
Q

Cultural Deviance Theory

A

A theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime.

119
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

A theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control.

120
Q

Strain Theory

A

A theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

Sociology 1020 (14 decks)

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