Module 2

Question 1

genes(prentatal dev)

Answer 1

blueprints for living creatures stored on 46 chromosomes 23 from ovum and 23 from sperm

Question 2

zygote(prenatal dev)

Answer 2

formed by fusion of ovum and sperm

Question 3

monozygotic twins(prenatal dev)

Answer 3

one ovum and sperm split creating two identical zygotes same twins

identical dna
similar environments
similarities in behavior could be the product of nature or nurture
differences in behavior likely due to nurture

Question 4

dizygotic twins (prenatal dev)

Answer 4

two ovum and two sperm fuse creating two genetically unique zygotes

unique dna
similar environments
similarities in behavior more likely due to environment
differences may be due to nurture or nature

Question 5

monozygotic twin and dizygotic twins

Answer 5

sheds light on which behaviors may result from nature dna vs nurture environment

Question 6

genotype(prenatal dev)

Answer 6

genetic makeup that isnt ouwardly observable ex- chromosomal sex a person can have xx sex chromosome pattern making them chromosomally femalized and have external genitalia that is malized

Question 7

phenotype (prenatal dev)

Answer 7

genetic trait that is outwardly observable for example hair color

Question 8

multifactorial transmission (prenatal dev)

Answer 8

describes the effects of genotype and environment on phenotype examples height weight intel

describes a spectrum of effects of genotype and environment on phenotype

Question 9

multifactorial transmission (prenatal dev)

Answer 9

describes the effects of genotype and environment on phenotype examples height weight intel

describes a spectrum of effects of genotype and environment on phenotype

intel is generally in the middle of the spectrum

Question 10

early integration state

Answer 10

degree of awareness to internal and external stimuli various levels of wakeful behaviors and sleep bridge between involuntary and voluntary behaviors

Question 11

early integration rhythms

Answer 11

repetitive cyclical patterns of behavior (sleep walking eating and eliminating)
some present at birth and highly apparent (sleep wake cycle)
others are subtle (sucking patterns, leg arm movements)
many emerge slowly over the first year and beyond as the nervous system develops and integrates
genetically and environmentally influenced

genetically and environmentally influenced

Question 12

early integration nervous system

Answer 12

brain spinal cord and nerves
parts are involuntary (heart rate digestion pupil control breathing thinking)
parts are voluntary (breathing thinking movements)
develops with age (maturation) and experience

Question 13

early integration neurons

Answer 13

basic structure of nervous system

cell body- contains cell nucleus
dendrites- branch like fibers on the cell body that receive information from nearby cells
axon- nerve fiber carries messages to other cells
axon terminals- branch like fibers on axon that sends information to other cells
synapse- Exhange of information between cells across the gap between terminal buttons and dendrites
myelin- fatty substance insulating axons

Question 14

early integration synaptic development

Answer 14

increases in myelination dendrites and axon terminals occurs with maturation and experience

Question 15

early integration synaptic pruning

Answer 15

elimination of synaptic connections and neurons that are not used regularly (use it or lose it)
allows established regular used neurons to build elaborate communications networks in other neurons
100-200 billion neurons present at birth
relatively few neuron to neuron connections billions develop from birth to 2 years of age

Question 16

early integration brain plasticity

Answer 16

abundance of synaptic connections allows experiences to shape brain to an individuals environment

infancy and adolescence periods of high plasticity sensitive periods important time for experiences

Question 17

early integration reflex

Answer 17

unlearned organized involuntary response to certain stimuli
disappear at predictable ages and as voluntary control of body develops
genetically driven fairly universal
atypical absence or presence may signal delayed development disorders

Question 18

early motor milestones

Answer 18

50% of children perform each skill at the month indicated above slide 31
specific timing varies
some movements skipped not used for a long time

Question 19

motor development slide 32

Answer 19

integrated and enhanced during early childhood
dependent on brain development myelination and connection sin motor and integration areas and experience practice
agility and precision increase with age

Question 20

sensation and perception

Answer 20

sensation- physical stimulation activation of sense organs
perception- mental process of sorting out interpreting analyzing and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brains

inform and influence each other
develop alongside

Question 21

early perception visual cliff experiment

Answer 21

examines infant depth perception
with age and locomotor experience most infants from 6 to 14 months cant be coaxed to cross the cliff
infants as young as 2 and 3 months showed changes in heart rate suggesting detection of differences between the floors and developing depth perception