Module 2 Flashcards
genes(prentatal dev)
blueprints for living creatures stored on 46 chromosomes 23 from ovum and 23 from sperm
zygote(prenatal dev)
formed by fusion of ovum and sperm
monozygotic twins(prenatal dev)
one ovum and sperm split creating two identical zygotes same twins
identical dna
similar environments
similarities in behavior could be the product of nature or nurture
differences in behavior likely due to nurture
dizygotic twins (prenatal dev)
two ovum and two sperm fuse creating two genetically unique zygotes
unique dna
similar environments
similarities in behavior more likely due to environment
differences may be due to nurture or nature
monozygotic twin and dizygotic twins
sheds light on which behaviors may result from nature dna vs nurture environment
genotype(prenatal dev)
genetic makeup that isnt ouwardly observable ex- chromosomal sex a person can have xx sex chromosome pattern making them chromosomally femalized and have external genitalia that is malized
phenotype (prenatal dev)
genetic trait that is outwardly observable for example hair color
multifactorial transmission (prenatal dev)
describes the effects of genotype and environment on phenotype examples height weight intel
describes a spectrum of effects of genotype and environment on phenotype
multifactorial transmission (prenatal dev)
describes the effects of genotype and environment on phenotype examples height weight intel
describes a spectrum of effects of genotype and environment on phenotype
intel is generally in the middle of the spectrum
early integration state
degree of awareness to internal and external stimuli various levels of wakeful behaviors and sleep bridge between involuntary and voluntary behaviors
early integration rhythms
repetitive cyclical patterns of behavior (sleep walking eating and eliminating)
some present at birth and highly apparent (sleep wake cycle)
others are subtle (sucking patterns, leg arm movements)
many emerge slowly over the first year and beyond as the nervous system develops and integrates
genetically and environmentally influenced
genetically and environmentally influenced
early integration nervous system
brain spinal cord and nerves
parts are involuntary (heart rate digestion pupil control breathing thinking)
parts are voluntary (breathing thinking movements)
develops with age (maturation) and experience
early integration neurons
basic structure of nervous system
cell body- contains cell nucleus
dendrites- branch like fibers on the cell body that receive information from nearby cells
axon- nerve fiber carries messages to other cells
axon terminals- branch like fibers on axon that sends information to other cells
synapse- Exhange of information between cells across the gap between terminal buttons and dendrites
myelin- fatty substance insulating axons
early integration synaptic development
increases in myelination dendrites and axon terminals occurs with maturation and experience
early integration synaptic pruning
elimination of synaptic connections and neurons that are not used regularly (use it or lose it)
allows established regular used neurons to build elaborate communications networks in other neurons
100-200 billion neurons present at birth
relatively few neuron to neuron connections billions develop from birth to 2 years of age
early integration brain plasticity
abundance of synaptic connections allows experiences to shape brain to an individuals environment
infancy and adolescence periods of high plasticity sensitive periods important time for experiences
early integration reflex
unlearned organized involuntary response to certain stimuli
disappear at predictable ages and as voluntary control of body develops
genetically driven fairly universal
atypical absence or presence may signal delayed development disorders
early motor milestones
50% of children perform each skill at the month indicated above slide 31
specific timing varies
some movements skipped not used for a long time
motor development slide 32
integrated and enhanced during early childhood
dependent on brain development myelination and connection sin motor and integration areas and experience practice
agility and precision increase with age
sensation and perception
sensation- physical stimulation activation of sense organs
perception- mental process of sorting out interpreting analyzing and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brains
inform and influence each other
develop alongside
early perception visual cliff experiment
examines infant depth perception
with age and locomotor experience most infants from 6 to 14 months cant be coaxed to cross the cliff
infants as young as 2 and 3 months showed changes in heart rate suggesting detection of differences between the floors and developing depth perception
