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BIO 101 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbon (brief) The Chemistry of life

A

One of the basic substances everything is made up of

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2
Q

Atoms (brief)

A

The fundamental unit of matter; everything is made up of atoms

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3
Q

Matter

A

Any substance that occupies space and has mass.

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4
Q

Elements

A

Unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

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5
Q

How many elements are there?

A

118 but only 92 occur naturally. The remaining elements are synthesized in laboratories and are unstable.

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6
Q

What’s the symbol for sodium?

A

Na (natrium)

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7
Q

What is the symbol for Carbon

A

C

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8
Q

What is the symbol for Calcium?

A

Ca

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9
Q

What are the FOUR elements common to all living organisms?

A

Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)

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10
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element.

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11
Q

What do all atoms contain?

A

Protons, electrons, and neutrons.

HYDROGEN only has ONE proton and ONE electron

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12
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (core of the atom) and has a mass of 1 and charge of +1

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13
Q

Neutron

A

Also resides in the nucleus. They also of 1 but NO CHARGE !

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14
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged particle that travels in the space around the nucleus. Is resides outside the nucleus. It has a negligible mass and a charge of -1

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15
Q

Atomic Number

A

of an element is equal to the number of protons of that element.

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16
Q

Mass Number

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons of that element.

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17
Q

Isotopes

A

Different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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18
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

Isotopes that are unstable and will lose protons, other subatomic particles or energy to form more stable elements.

19
Q

An atom is most stable when

A

All of the electron positions in the outermost shell are filled.

20
Q

Octet rule

A

The outermost shells of the elements with low atomic numbers that can hold eight electrons

21
Q

By convention each shell is assigned

A

A number and the symbol n

Ex. The electron shell closest to the nucleus is called 1n

22
Q

The shell closest to the nucleus 1n can hold….

A

Two electrons

2n can hold 8 electrons
3n can hold 18 electrons

23
Q

The outer most shell is known as

A

The valence shell

Electrons found here are called valence electrons

24
Q

Group 1 elements have just

A

One valence electron

Group 18 have 8 electrons

25
Q

Matter exist in 3 forms

A

Elements (pure) compounds (pure) and mixtures (impure)

26
Q

Inert gases or noble gases

A

Helium (He)
Neon (Ne)
Argon (Ar)

Group 18 elements that have outer electron shells that are full or satisfy the octet rule. This makes them highly stable as single atoms.

27
Q

Ions

A

Some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electron (or possibly two) and form ions

28
Q

Cations

A

Positive ions are formed by losing electrons.

29
Q

Anions

A

Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons

Designated by there elemental name being altered to end in “-ide “
Ex. The anion of chlorine is chloride.

30
Q

Electron Transfer

A

The movement of electrons from one element to another

31
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

These are formed between ions with opposite charges

32
Q

Electrolytes

A

(Including sodium, potassium, and calcium)

Ions that are necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance

33
Q

Covalent bonds share

A

Electrons

34
Q

Ionic bonds transfer

A

Electrons

35
Q

Water is Polar 🧠

A

Info for 🧠

36
Q

Water is cohesive 🧠

A

Info for 🧠

37
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules are attracted to each other (because of hydrogen bonding), keeping the molecules together at the liquid air (gas) interface

38
Q

Water stabilized temperature 🧠

A

Info for 🧠

39
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

The SHARING of electrons

Commonly found in carbon based organic molecules, such as DNA and proteins

Triple bonds are the strongest !

40
Q

Non polar covalent bonds

A

Form between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share the electrons equally

Ex. Oxygen sharing electrons with oxygen to fill the outer shell

41
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

The electrons shared by the atoms spend more time closer to one nucleus than to the other nucleus

42
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Too weak bonds that occur frequently for hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds provide many of the critical, life-sustaining properties of water, and also stabilize the structures of proteins and DNA. It’s the building block of cells.

43
Q

pH

A

A measure of its acidity or alkalinity

BIO 101 (3 decks)

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