Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICR 270 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity is known as ?

A

The first line of defence and will function non specifically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the barriers of the innate immune system ?

A

physical barriers, cellular barriers and solubale barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physical barrier is made up of?

A

made up of both physical and chemical processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Physical processes of the physical barrier ?

A

skin and the mucous membrane that contains cilia and mucous to trap pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chemical components of physical barrier ?

A

Tears and saliva a because they have lyzoymes
Gastric acid , which will destroy pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cells that make up the cellular barrier in innate immunity

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, Natural killer cells , dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neutrophils

A

most common leukocyte and act as phagocytes that will patrol and kill pathogens , circulate for 12H in blood and are recruited to infection sites by resident marcophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Macrophages

A

phagocytes that patrol for pathogens which they will engulf , will either take up residence in tissue or patrol larger tissue areas, present antigen to T cells, get activated after phagocytosing or from cytokine signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dendritic cells

A

phagocytes that are in contact with the external environment , engulf foreign antigens that evaded the initial barriers and will present them on MHC complexes which are recognized by helper T cells
Link between adaptive and innate systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

natural killer cells

A

recognize abnormal cells that lack antigen- specific receptors, will bind to cell surface of target cells and release chemicals causing pores to form and lysis to take place
Destroy abnormal cells of the body including tumour cells and virus infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the soluable barrier made out of ? what is the role ?

A

The complement system and cytokines which are important for developing a inflammatory innate immune response that takes place after penetration of infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain the complement system

A

made of 30 proteins which will normally circulate in an inactive form
activated directly by pathogen or indirectly by pathogen bound antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

complement system activation causes ?

A

cascade of reactions creating a membrane attack complex ( will create holes in cellular membranes ) while also enhancing the other immune functions like inflammation and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathways to activate complement system

A

classical, alternative and lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

functions of the complement system

A

inflammation , phagocytosis and membrane attack complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

inflammation in the complement system

A

attraction of immune cells at the infection site through chemotactic molecule release like histamine and cytokines
Activated complement proteins will bind to receptors on immune cells to release histamine and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

phagocytosis and the complement system

A

activated complement protein C3B will opsonize pathogens targeting them for phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Membrane attack complex and complement system

A

attacks pathogens through the formation of holes which leads to lysis and cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a cytokine ?

A

proteins that play a key role in cell to cell communication and are secreted by immune cells in response to different stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cytokine signalling is needed for

A

regulate immune processes such as hemopoteisis and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

autocrine effects of cytokines

A

sending and recieving signal is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

paracrine effects of cytokines

A

sending and recieving cells are near each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endocrine effects of cytokines

A

sending and recieiving cells are distant from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens when cytokines bind to a receptor ?

A

initiates a series of reactions that leads to altered gene expression which could effect cell growth and maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2 different groups of cytokines

A

proinflammatory cytokines and antiinflammatory cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

proinflammatory cytokines

A

made by most immune cells and will create an inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

antiinflammatory cytokines

A

made by several immune cells and will try to limit the inflammatory response ( activate immune cells that promote healing )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is inflammation ?

A

a series of biological reactions in response to a pathogen that has invaded the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does inflammation manifest itself ?

A

Heat, redness, , pain and swelling

30
Q

what happens in inflammation ?

A

more blood flow to the impacted area , influx of phagcytic immune cells , removal of forgien antigens anc healing of damaged tissues

31
Q

order of events of inflammatory response in innate immunity

A
  1. Breach, 2. Vasodilation , 3. permeabilization 4. extravasation 5. Phagocytosis
32
Q

Breach phase

A

pathogens need to find a breach to enter body, this cold be a wound or cut where the cells get damaged and break through physical barrier

33
Q

vasodilation phase

A

increase in the parameter of blood vessel and permeabilization of capillaries which will be induced by vasoactive and chemotactic that will be secreted by damaged tissues and activated immune cells like macrophage and mastcel
redness and heat are a consquence of this process

34
Q

permiabilzation

A

increase in capillary permeabiliity from vasodilation, allows for entrance of more fluids to tissues
vasoconstriction of fluids moving away from site and accumulation will create exudate which will contain proteins such as chemokines and complement proteins

35
Q

extravasation

A

chemotactic factors released by cells during vasodilation and permeabilization allow more immune cells to be recreuited where neutrophils will arrive via chemotaxis which will then go through extravasation where they will migrate in between capillary endothelial cells

36
Q

phagocytosis

A

neutrophils and macrophages and dendritic cells will engulf pathogens ( main method the innate system uses to kill pathogens )

37
Q

order of inflammatory response

A

vasodialation, permeabilzation, chemotaxis , margination , extravasation

38
Q

margination

A

adhesion of immune cells to endothelial wall of blood vessels

39
Q

why is heat and swelling needed in the immune response

A

heat will increase the metabolic rate of cells allwoing themto repair themsleves faster whereas swelling will leak proteins that are needed to clot blood and create scabs and recruit phagocytes

40
Q

How does innate immunity recognize pathogens ?

A

Through pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

41
Q

what is a PRR ?

A

an integral signalling component of the innate immune system , receptors that are capable of recognizing repeated molecualr patterns of pathogens

42
Q

what kind of patterns to PRR recognize ?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) which will be expressed either on the surface or found inside pathogens , patterns allow for innate immunity to distinguish itself from non self

43
Q

major categories that PRRS recognize ?

A

1) pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
2) Danger associated molecular pattern (DAMPS)

44
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by immune cells such as :
Function structures of pathogens
repeated sequences of protein( lipoprotein, glycoprotein , amino acids

45
Q

examples of PAMPs

A

lipopolysaccaride
peptidoglycan
flagellin
viral nucleic acids

46
Q

What are DAMPS

A

Danger associated molecular patterns which will release molecules by stressed cells undergoing necrosis which are host biomolecules , and indicate damage and inititate inflammation

47
Q

examples of DAMPS

A

Abnormal location of cell structure , cell stress indicators molecules

48
Q

Toll like receptors

A

class of PRR whose signalling is needed for innate immune response. Will recognize pamps and damps

49
Q

how are TLRs expressed

A

depending on type pf PAMP or DAMP, will be expressed on plasma membrane or endosomal/ lysosomal membranes

50
Q

what happens when TLR are activated ?

A

initiate transcription for genes encoding for inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and costimulatory molecules which leads to the activation of innate immune cells ( more phagocytosis ) and increase ability to present antigens to adaptive immune system

51
Q

2 major roles of TLR

A

1) recognize PAMP or DAMP and
2) induce expression of signalling to activate T cells

52
Q

signalling process of TLR

A

1) TLR sense of presence of PAMP or DAMP while bacteria will be engulfed by phagocytosis
2) APC will present pieces of the pathogens ( antigens) on its cell surface through peptide known as MHC complex
3 ) APC will increase costimodulatory production needed to stabilize antigen presenting process
4) naive immunocompetant T cell specific for antigen presented by dendritic cell will bind to MHC complex activating the T cell and adaptive immune response

53
Q

TLR are a class of ?

A

PRRs

54
Q

What is endocytosis ?

A

A type of endocytosis where cells take up bacteria from environment by invaginating membrane to form a vacuole

55
Q

2 ways to induce phagocytosis ?

A

recognition of PAMP through PRR VIA phagocyte or through pathogen opsonzation

56
Q

steps in phagocytosis

A

attachment, ingestion, fusion, digestion, release

57
Q

describe adaptive immunity

A

second line of defence, requires more time to initiate but will create a specific response against pathogen and produces memory cells in response to reinfection

58
Q

main characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

specificity-each cell will recognize one specific epitope of a pathogen
and diversity -composed of countless number of cells to fight any pathogen encountered

59
Q

components of adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cell mediated immunity

60
Q

characteristics of Humoral immunity

A

B cells which will differentiate into subsets

61
Q

Charactersitics of B cells

A

mature in Bone marrow, surface receptor (BCR) act as an antibody factory

62
Q

subsets of B cells

A

Plasmocytes and memory B cell

63
Q

cell mediated immunity characteristics

A

T cells which differentiate into subsets

64
Q

Diversity of T cells

A

CD 4 helper T cell, CD8 cytotoxic T cell,
Memory T cell

65
Q

Role of T cell

A

key component of cell mediated response, TCR receptor and mature in the Thymus, help activate immune response and cytotoxic activity

66
Q

activation of adaptive immune response

A

APC LIKE dendritic cells that have engulfed pathogens by phagocytosis can present antigens to naive CD4 helper T cells

67
Q

differentiation in adaptive immune response

A

TH cells can differentiate into 2 different subsets depending on the antigen encountered

68
Q

TH1

A

induces cell mediated immunity

69
Q

TH2

A

Induce Humoral immunity

70
Q

Activation of cell mediated immunity

A

TH1 cells will activate CD8 cytotoxic T cells and induce there differentiation into CTL ( cytotoxic lymphocyte )

CTL will recognize and eliminate any cells displaying the specific antigen presented at their cell surface by MHC class 1 complex

71
Q

What are antibodies ?

A

large Y shape protein which is also known as immunoglobin AB where each antitbody is highly specific and recognizes one epitope

MICR 270 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions