Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dosage Forms Lecture > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

are lipids homogenous or heterogenous?

A

heterogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the common building blocks of lipids?

A

they do not have any common building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where do lipids occur frequently in?

A

nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where can we find lipids in mammalian cell walls?

A

cholesterols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where can we find lipids in fungal cell walls?

A

ergosterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

in terms of chemistry, lipids are…

A

a mixed bag of compounds that share some properties based on the structural similarities, mainly a preponderance (abundance) of non-polar groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

two main groups of lipids

A

hydrolysable lipids and fused-ring compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

collective term for fixed oil, fats, and waxes

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where are lipids soluble and insoluble in?

A

soluble in organic (non-polar) solvents and insoluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

due to the fact that lipids are not defined by a particular functional group…

A

they have a variety of structures and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

they contain many nonpolar C —– C and C —– H bonds and few polar bonds resulting in their water insolubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what properties are lipids more related to each other?

A

physical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

to the touch, lipids are…

A

greasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lipids leave a

A

permanent oily stain on paper (Grease Spot Test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which is lighter, lipids or water?

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when pure, this is the color and taste of lipids

A

colorless and bland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

causes the yellow color in fat

A

carotene (provitamin A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when lipids are heated strongly?

A

they undergo decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what sort of vapors and flames do lipids produce once they are heated strongly?

A

acrid flammable vapors and they burn with a sooty flame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

acrid flammable vapors from lipids can lead to

A

acrolein (propenal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do lipids serve within biological membranes?

A

as structural components (cholesterol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lipids provide energy reserves, but in what predominant form?

A

triacylglycerols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

both lipid and lipid derivatives serve as…

A

chemical messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

aids in lipid solubilization

A

lipophilic bile acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stored in adipose tissue

A

fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does fat serve as and where does it serve exactly?

A

as thermal insulator in the subcutaneous tissues and around certain organs (protection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

act as electrical insulators

A

nonpolar lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the act of electric insulation within nonpolar lipids allow?

A

they allow rapid propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

occur in both cell membrane and mitochondria

A

lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do lipoproteins do within our blood?

A

transport lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how are lipids important dietary constituents?

A

they have high energy value, contain fat soluble vitamins, and essential fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

necessary fats that humans cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diets

A

essential fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are essential fatty acids exactly?

A

long chain polyunsaturated acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where are essential fatty acids derived from?

A

linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

in the classification of lipids based on alcohol component, lipids are…

A

esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

simple lipid; ester of fatty acid and

A

LMW monohydric alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

simple lipids are usually ___ at room temperature

A

liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

most simple lipids are liquid in room temperature, except for…

A

solid vegetable oil (cocoa butter). solid in room temperature, and excellent as suppositories since they melt in human temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

fats/fixed oil; ester of fatty acid and

A

glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

fats/fixed oils are usually solid/semisiolids except for…

A

liquid animal fat (cod liver oil) which are excellent sources in oleo vitamins A and D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

esters of three molecules of fatty acids plus one molecule of glycerol

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

where are triglycerides commonly found?

A

in adipose tissue, butterfat, lard, suet, fish oils, olive oil, corn oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

waxes; ester of fatty acids and

A

HMW polyhydric alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

examples of waxes

A

beeswax, (spermacetti) head oil of sperm whale and sperm whale vomit (ambergris), cerumen, carnauba oil, and lanolin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

lipids that can be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

A

hydrolyzable lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

examples of hydrolyzable lipids

A

waxes, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

cannot be cleaved into smaller molecules by aqueous hydrolysis

A

nonhydrolyzable lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

examples of nonhydrolyzable lipds

A

steroids, fat-soluble vitamins, and eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

hydrolyzable lipids are derived from

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

fatty acids are…

A

long chained monocarboxylic acids (RCOOH) with C chains of 4-36 atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

example of fatty acids

A

CH2(CH2)14COOH (palmitic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

naturally occurring fatty acids have an

A

even number of C atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

have no double bonds in their long hydrocarbon chains. formula, suffix

A

saturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

have 1 or more double bond (generally cis) in their long hydrocarbon chain. formula suffix

A

unsaturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

formula for saturated fatty acids

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

formula for unsaturated fatty acids

A

CH3 (CH2-2#db)nCOOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

as the number of double bonds in the fatty acid increases,

A

the melting point decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

simplified nomenclature of fatty acids

A

chain length:double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

carboxyl carbon of fatty acids

A

C1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

specifies the lower-numbered C in the double bonds and helps find the position of any double bond

A

𐤃n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

alternative nomenclature applied in human nutrition

A

omega-n nomenclature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

named for linolenic acid because of the position of the first C-C in the nonpolar chain

A

omega-3 acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

fatty acid that humans require

A

omega-3 linolenic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

fatty acids are precursors in the synthesis of

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) nad docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

melting point of even numbered carbon fatty acids

A

increases with chain length and decreases according to unsaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

contains three saturated fatty acids of 12 C or more and is solid at body temperature to below 0 C

A

triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

18:2 fatty residues are…

A

liquid at body temperature to below 0 C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

must be fluid at all environmental conditions

A

membrane lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

which are more unsaturated: storage lipids or membrane lipids?

A

membrane lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

(monoethenoid, monoenoic) acids containing double bond

A

monounsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

(polyethenoid, polyenoic) acids containing two or more double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

derived from eicosa- (20 carbon) polyenoic fatty acids

A

eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

eicosanoids are major precursors of

A

arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

examples of eicosanoids are

A

prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), lipoxins (LXs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

part of a family of biologically active lipids derived from the twenty-carbon essential fatty acids or eicosanoids

A

prostanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

prostanoids relates to the products of the…

A

cyclooxygenase pathway (COX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

central structural element of prostanoids

A

prostanoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

three main groups of prostanoids

A

prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PGIs), thromboxanes (TXs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

behave as lipids but mainly act as local hormones

A

prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

where are prostaglandins synthesized from in order to cyclopentane ring?

A

eicosanoic polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

numbers are based on the double bond in the side chain of a prostaglandin

A

PG1, PG2, and PG3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what does the letter component identifies in the nomenclature of prostaglandins?

A

the functional groups of the cyclopentane ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

prostaglandins with a PGE component have which functional group within its cyclopentane ring?

A

keto group in 9 position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

prostaglandins with a PGF component have which functional group within its cyclopentane ring?

A

hydroxyl group in 9 position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

(review) keto functional groups have what formula?

A

R-(C=O)-R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

cyclopentane ring interrupted with an oxygen atom

A

thromboxanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

two major thromboxanes?

A

thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what role does thromboxane have?

A

clot formation (thrombosis) and is inhibited by blood thinners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what inhibits thromboxanes (and thrombosis in general)

A

blood thinners and anti thrombotics (clopidogrel, aspirin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

how are leukotrienes and lipoxins formed?

A

via the lipooxygenase pathway (LOX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

how many conjugated double bonds do leukotrienes and lipoxins have respectively?

A

three leukotrienes and four lipoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

a proinflammatory agent and causes bronchoconstriction, and thus plays a part in asthma

A

leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

common leukotriene inhibitors

A

zyflo (zleuton), accolate (zarfirlukast), singulair (montelukast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

(LTIs) zyflo

A

zileuton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

(LTIs) accolate

A

zarfirlukast

96
Q

(LTIs) singulair

A

montelukast

97
Q

esters formed from a fatty acid and a high molecular weight alcohol

A

waxes

98
Q

general structure of waxes

A

R-(C=O)-OR

99
Q

isolated from the heads of sperm whales

A

spermaceti wax

100
Q

scientific name of spermaceti wax

A

physeter macrophalus

101
Q

major component found in the head oil of sperm whales

A

cetyl palmitate

102
Q

synthetic version of spermaceti wax and can be used in cold cream or petrolatum rose ointment

A

cetyl ester wax

103
Q

what can waxes form on bird’s feathers, cheep’s wool, and make up beeswax (yellow wax)

A

protective coatings

104
Q

what will happen to beeswax once you bleach it?

A

it turns into white wax

105
Q

scientific name of beeswax

A

myricyl palmitate

106
Q

like other esters, waxes are hydrolyzed with water in the presence of an acid or base to…

A

re-form the carboxylic acid and alcohol they came from (hence the term hydrolyzable lipids)

107
Q

three esters formed from glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. they are also the main storage forms of fatty acids

A

triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

108
Q

triacylglycerols that have three identical fatty acid side chains

A

simple triacylglycerols

109
Q

examples of simple triaclyglycerols

A

tristearin

110
Q

triacylglycerols that have two or three different fatty acids

A

mixed triacylglycerols

111
Q

examples of mixed triacylglycerols

A

oleopalmitostearin

112
Q

contain only saturated fatty acids, make up most animal fat, and are solids at room temperature

A

saturated triacylglycerols

113
Q

do saturated triacylglycerols contain double bonds?

A

no

114
Q

contain at least one unsaturated fatty acid, make up most vegetable oils, and are liquids at room temperature
9like cooking oil and solid cocoa butter)

A

unsaturated triacylglycerols

115
Q

have 1 C=C bond

A

monounsaturated triacylglycerols

116
Q

have many C=C bonds

A

polyunsaturated triacylglycerols

117
Q

the increase of the number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain affects the melting point in the triacylglycerol in what way?

A

decreases its melting point

118
Q

fats have ____ melting points and they are _____ at room temperature

A

higher, solid

119
Q

where are fats derived from and how many double bonds do they have?

A

they are derived from fatty acids with few double bonds

120
Q

examples of fats

A

lard and tallow (animal fats)

120
Q

examples of fats

A

lard and tallow (animal fats)

121
Q

oils have ____ melting points and they are _____ at room temperature

A

lower, liquids

122
Q

where are oils derived from and how many double bonds do they have?

A

they are derived from fatty acids and have a larger number of double bonds

123
Q

used to build cell membranes, insulate the body, and store energy for later use

A

fats

124
Q

how much should a person’s caloric intake come from lipids?

A

no more than 20-35%

125
Q

what is linked to heart disease?

A

saturated tiacylglycerols

126
Q

stimulate cholesterol synthesis, which can lead to cholesterol paques building up inside arteries

A

saturated fats

127
Q

lowers the risl of heart disease by decreasing the level of cholesterol in the blood

A

unsaturated triacylglycerols

128
Q

where are triglycerols formed from wherein they are very helpful in lowering the risk of heart attack

A

omega-3 fatty acids

129
Q

what happens if the double bond of the unsaturated triacylglycerol is trans?

A

the beneficial effect is lost

130
Q

primarily synthesized instead of naturally occurring, act like saturated fats, and increase the cholesterol levels in the blood

A

trans fats

131
Q

what can hydrolyze triacylglycerols?

A

acid, bases, or enzymes (in the body)

132
Q

where do humans store triacylglycerols?

A

in adipose cells below the surface of the skin, in the breast area, and surrounding internal organs

133
Q

what is the relation of adipose cells to its weight?

A

adipose cell numbers are constant, they may swell or shrink but do not change in numbers

134
Q

what to do in order to metabolize triaclyglycerols for energy?

A

the esters are hydrolyzed by enzymes called lipases

135
Q

what does complete metabolism of a triacylglycerol yield?

A

CO2, H2O, and a great deal of energy

136
Q

esters of fatty acid, alcohol, and another compound

A

compound lipid

137
Q

makes up phospholipids

A

fatty acid and alcohol plus a phosphoric acid reside (phosphate)

138
Q

frequently have nitrogen containing bases and other substituents such as

A

glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids

139
Q

alcohols of glycerophospholipids

A

glycerol

140
Q

alcohols of sphingophospholipids

A

sphingosine

141
Q

fatty acid and sphingosine plus carbohydrate

A

glycolipids (glycosphingolipids)

142
Q

other complex lipids

A

sulfolipids and aminolipids
lipoprotein

143
Q

what atom does phospholipids contains

A

P atom (phosphorous)

144
Q

two common types of phospholipids

A

phosphoacylglycerols and sphingomyelins

145
Q

phospholipids are main constituents of…

A

our plasma membrane

146
Q

where are phospholipids derived from?

A

phosphatidic acid

147
Q

how is phosphate esterified?

A

with the -OH of a suitable alcohol

148
Q

intermediate in the synthesis of triacylglycerols

A

phosphatidic acid

149
Q

main component of most cell membranes

A

phosphoacylglycerols

150
Q

structurally, they resemble a ____ except the third fatty acid has been replaced with a ______

A

triacylglycerol, a phosphodiester bonded to an alcohol

151
Q

main types of phosphoacylglycerols is

A

cephalin (phosphatidylethanolamine) and lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)

152
Q

most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and represent a large proportion of the body’s store of choline

A

phosphoaclyglycerol containing choline (lecithins -. egg yolk)

153
Q

supplement that lecithins are used as

A

lipid lowering

154
Q

important in nervous transmission and as a store of labile methyl group

A

choline

155
Q

what is the form of choline in nervous transmissions and storage of labile methyl groups?

A

acetylcholine

156
Q

effective surface-active agent

A

dipalmitoyl lecithin

157
Q

what is dipalmitoyl lecithin a major constituent of due to the surface tension of the inner surfaces of the lungs?

A

surfactant preventing adherence

158
Q

absence of dipalmitoyl lecithin can lead to

A

respiratory distress syndrome

159
Q

precursor of second messenger

A

phosphatidylinositol (IPC)

160
Q

what is inositol present as a sterioisomer?

A

myoinositol

161
Q

important constituent of cell membrane phospholipids

A

phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate

162
Q

what can phosphatidylinositol be cleaved into?

A

diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate (internal signals or second emssenger)

163
Q

bisphosphatidyl glycerol

A

cardiolipin

164
Q

what is cardiolipin an important component of and what percent of lipids does it constitute?

A

the inner mitochondrial membrane and 20% of the total lipid

165
Q

cardiolipins serves as an _____ and stabilizes the activity of ___________ important to the electron transport chain

A

insulator, protein complexes

166
Q

intermediates in the metabolism of phosphoglycerols

A

lysphospholipids

167
Q

what is the importance of lysphospholipids to phospholipids?

A

metabolism and interconversion (lysphosphatidylcholine)

167
Q

where can you find lysphospholipids?

A

oxidized lipoproteins and can promote atherosclerosis

168
Q

instead of a glycerol backbone, sphingomyelins contain

A

a sphingosine backbone instead

169
Q

do sphingomyelins contain an ester?

A

no, their single fatty acid is bonded to the backbone by an amide bond

170
Q

10% of the phospholipids of the brain and muscle

A

plasmalogens

171
Q

what do plasmalogens resemble?

A

phosphatidylethanolamine (ether linked)

172
Q

alkyl radicals in phosphatidylethanolamine is

A

and unsaturated alcohol

173
Q

may be substituted for ethanolamine

A

choline, serine, or inositol

174
Q

found in large quantities in brain and nerve tissues

A

sphingomyelins

175
Q

what does sphingomyelins yield?

A

fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline, and a complex amino alcohol, sphingosine

176
Q

what coating that surrounds nerve cells is rich in sphingomyelins?

A

myelin sheath

177
Q

sphingosine plus amino acid

A

ceramide

178
Q

where are ceramides often found in?

A

glycosphingolipids

179
Q

distributed in every tissue of the body (nervous tissues and plasma membrane)

A

glycolpids

180
Q

major glycolipids in animal tissues

A

glycosphingolipids

181
Q

glycosphingolipids are composed of

A

ceramide + sugar

182
Q

major sphingolipid of brain and other nervous tissue

A

galactosylceramide

183
Q

complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide that contain in addition one of more molecules of sialic acid

A

gangliosides

184
Q

principal sialic acid found in human tisses

A

neuraminic acid

185
Q

abbreviation of gangliosides and is the simplest in tissues

A

Gm3

186
Q

simple and compound lipid upon hydrolysis

A

derived lipid

187
Q

non hydrolyzable lipid that is a group of lipids whose carbon skeletons contain several infused rings

A

steroids

188
Q

the most prominent steroid and found in almost all body tissues

A

cholesterol

189
Q

where is cholesterol commonly synthesized ?

A

in the liver

190
Q

a molecule that is synthesized in one part of an organism, which then elicits a response at a different site

A

hormone

191
Q

two important classes of steroid hormones

A

sex hormones and adrenal cortical steroids

192
Q

female sex hormones

A

estrogens and progestins

193
Q

male sex hormones

A

androgens

194
Q

control development of secondary sex characteristics, regulate the menstrual cycle, and are made in the ovaries

A

estradiol and estrone

195
Q

“pregnancy hormone” and is responsible for the preparation of the uterus for implantation of fertilized egg

A

progesterone

196
Q

androgens made in the testes

A

testosterone and androsterone

197
Q

synthetic androgen analogues that promote muscle growth

A

anabolic steroids

198
Q

compared to testosterone, anabolic steroids are

A

more stable, so they are not metabolized as quickly

199
Q

examples of adrenal cortical steroids are

A

aldosterone, cortisone, cortisol

200
Q

regulates blood pressure and volume by controlling the concentration of Na+ and K+ in body fluids

A

aldosterone

201
Q

serve as anti-inflammatory agents, which also regulate carbohydrate metabolism

A

cortisone and cortisol

202
Q

side effects of prolonged use of steroids

A

like bone loss and high blood pressure

203
Q

a synthetic alternative and has similar anti-inflammatory properties

A

prednisone

204
Q

precursor of vitamin D2 and occurs in plants/yeast

A

ergosterol

205
Q

derivative of ergosterol via UV light

A

viosterol -> ergocalciferol

206
Q

what does egosterol require when irradiated with UV light?

A

antirachitic properties

207
Q

all eicosanoids are very potent compounds, which are not stored in cells, but rather…

A

synthesized in response to external stimulus

208
Q

unlike hormones, eicosanoids are ____, performing their function in the environment which they are synthesized

A

local mediators

209
Q

carboxylic acids that contain a five-membered ring and have a wide range of biological activitiyes

A

prostaglandins

210
Q

prostaglandins are responsible for…

A

inflammation

211
Q

relieve pain and inflammation by blocking the synthesis of these molecules

A

aspirin and ibuprofen

212
Q

other effects of prostaglandins

A

decrease gastric secretions, inhibit blood platelet aggregation, stimulate uterine contractions, and relax smooth muscles

213
Q

two different cyclooxygenase enzymes responsible for prostaglandin synthesis

A

COX-1 and COX-2

214
Q

involved in the usual production of prostaglandins

A

COX-1

215
Q

responsible for additional prostaglandins in inflammatory diseases like arthrisis

A

COX-2

216
Q

inactivates bot COX-1 and -2 but increase risks for stomach ulcer formation

A

NSAIDS like aspirin and ibuprofen

217
Q

affect only the COX-2 enzyme without affecting gastric secretions

A

vioxx, bextra, and celebrex

218
Q

helpful to reduce chronic inflammation

A

inhaled steroids

219
Q

molecules that contribute to the asthmatic response by constricting smooth muscles of the lungs

A

leukotrienes

220
Q

how do asthma drugs act?

A

by blocking the synthesis of leukotriene C4 which treat the disease instead of just the inflammation symptoms

221
Q

not steroids but synthesized like cholesterol

A

polyprenoids

222
Q

participates in respiratory chain in mitochondrion

A

ubiquinone

223
Q

takes part in glycoprotein synthesis by transferring carbohydrate residues to asparagine residues of polypeptide

A

dolichol

224
Q

rubber, camphor, fat soluble vitamin and B-carotene (provitamin A)

A

isoprenoid

225
Q

basic unit of isoprenoid

A

isoprene (C5H8)

226
Q

process where lipids are exposed to oxygen wherein a chain reaction providing a continuous supply of free radicals

A

auto-oxidation

227
Q

effects of peroxidation

A

-rancidity/deterioration of food
-damage of tissue

228
Q

catalyzed in vivo by heme compounds and by lipoxygenases (platelets leukocytes)

A

peroxidation

229
Q

product of auto-oxidation that is formed from cholesterols

A

oxysterols

230
Q

product of auto-oxidation that is formed from prostanoids

A

isoprostanes

231
Q

control and reduce lipid peroxidation

A

antioxidants

232
Q

antioxidants for food

A

propyl gallate, BHA, BHT

233
Q

naturally occuring antioxidants

A

vitamin e, vitamin c, urate, beta-carotene

234
Q

reduce the rate of chain initiation

A

preventive antioxidants

235
Q

interfere with chain propagation

A

chain-breaking antioxidants

Dosage Forms Lecture (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions