Module 2

Question 1

Natural selection

Answer 1

Adaptive microevolutionary process that works best when there’s large amounts of genetic variation

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

Physical attributes

Question 3

Genotype

Answer 3

Genetic attributes

Question 4

Qualitative trait

Answer 4

Has discrete, described characters e.g. color genes, blood types

Question 5

Quantitative trait

Answer 5

Additive/subtractive combination of many genes that may be measured, a complex trait e.g. height, weight, size

Question 6

Quantitative genetics

Answer 6

Linking phenotypes to genotypes using genetic basis of complex traits

Question 7

Heritability

Answer 7

Population level parameter determining how much genetics is involved as opposed to environmental input for compelled traits, determines response to selection

When low, variance is due to environmental pressures and hard to change via selection. When high, little impact from environment and selection acts as the greatest force

Question 8

Life history traits

Answer 8

Heritable traits that impact a species/population reproductive strategies

E.g. longevity, reproductive output, size

Question 9

Stabilizing selection

Answer 9

Favors intermediate or average traits. Most frequent in non-fitness traits

E.g. Birth size

Question 10

Directional selection

Answer 10

Selection that creates a directional shift b/w generations. Occurs due to specific advantage or disadvantage

E.g. rabbits and disease

Question 11

Disruptive selection

Answer 11

Favors extremes, once selective pressure is removed population will return to a normal distribution

Question 12

Clines

Answer 12

Balance b/w directional selection and migration. Common for morphological and quantitative traits

Clines is steep when migration is low and visa versa

E.g. koalas

Question 13

Heterozygous advantage

Answer 13

Heterozygous has greatest fitness (over dominance)

Question 14

Heterozygous disadvantage

Answer 14

Heterozygous least fit (outbreeding), under dominance

Question 15

Mhc

Answer 15

Alerts immune system of foreign bodies

Under balancing selection for heterozygous

Tasmanian devils have reduced genetic diversity of mhc genes and tumors

Question 16

Mc1r

Answer 16

Color pigmentation gene part of melanin pathway

Different color morphs as a result of sexual selection

E.g. pocket mice

Question 17

Conservation genomics

Answer 17

Use of genomic techniques to solve problems in conservation biology

Basically factors in environment, selection, and gene expression unto genetics using loci under selection as well as neutral markers

Question 18

Conservation genetics

Answer 18

Uses selectively neutral loci and may only infer biological activity from genetic info

Question 19

Illumina

Answer 19

Shotgun sequencing that relies on parallel amplification resulting in 6000 gb data

Question 20

PacBio

Answer 20

Single molecule sequencing resulting in long reads

Question 21

Rad-Tag

Answer 21

Type of genetic sequencing that does not depend on reference genomes

Question 22

Candidate gene approach

Answer 22

Identifying genes through comparative analysis or differential gene expression studies

Best when lots of prior data is available. Uses outlier test to find SNPs of candidate genes

Question 23

GWAS unordered

Answer 23

Used for unknown candidate genes

Generates 1000-10000 SNPs genome wide randomly followed by outlier test to find non-neutral loci

Used to trace origin of fish in markets

Question 24

Genomic island of divergence

Answer 24

The sea level is the upper level of expected neutral divergence while anything above is strongly selected for and the island size correlates with strength of selection

Occurs with GWAS approach

Question 25

GWAS ordered

Answer 25

Used for unknown candidates with known locations . Can determine type of selection

Question 26

Defining CUs

Answer 26

1) use different markers for ESUs (both types) and MUs (just neutral)

2) test adaptive variation using outlier tests

3) complement genomic data with ecological, phenotypic, end environmental data

Question 27

Assisted gene flow

Answer 27

Increasing genetic variation/adaptive potential of populations through increased natural gene flow

E.g. travel corridors

Question 28

Targeted gene flow

Answer 28

Increasing adaptive potential through increased gene flow, increased diversity of traits and related alleles from a particular axis of selection (selective breeding)

Considers adaptive potential in relation to changing environments

Question 29

Genetic rescue

Answer 29

Increases genetic variation of small inbred pops by artificially introducing outside individuals

Last ditch effort that’s only occurred with 10-20 pops like the Florida panther

Question 30

Introduction and establishment

Answer 30

1st phase of invasive species establishment. Most important phase because it determines colonization. Dependent on # of individuals and releases

Question 31

Lag phase

Answer 31

2nd part of invasive establishment. Depends on genetic adaptation and demographic heterogeneity

Question 32

Expansion and spread

Answer 32

Final stage of invasive colonization. Dependent on fecundity and generation interval that may produce additional founder events

Question 33

Heterosis

Answer 33

When outbreeding leads to hybrid vigor

Question 34

Areas of invasive species control

Answer 34

Physical, biological, and genetic

Question 35

Wildlife forensics

Answer 35

The use of genetic technology to assist in wildlife management/crime