MODULE 2 Flashcards
performed by a healthcare professional/ physician to detect any abnormalities and warning signs
Clinical Breast Exam
every woman should do once a month at home; do it yourself
Breast Self-Exam
Screening method:
Opportunistic or Programmatic
What is screening?
refers to a test, examination, evaluation, assessment performed on an asymptomatic individual
GOAL of screening?
prevent death and suffering/occurrence of diseases through an early intervention
General Principle of Screening:
- screening is of greatest value for individuals who are most likely to
develop a certain disease - early treatment is more effective than later treatment in reducing mortality
Important to determine a person’s risk of developing breast cancer
and use that information to:
- Recommend the modality
- Frequency of screening
- Determine whether referrals are needed for genetic testing
/chemoprevention / prophylactic surgery
Harms of Screening
- raise anxiety if there is false positive screening
- overtreatment of some tumors that would never become apparent
- economic cost: healthcare system/patient
Risk Factors
Hormone Therapy
Non-modifiable
Postmenopausal
Reproductive Factor
Subtances Use
- can’t be changed
- family history
- age, chest radiation history, dense breast tissue, genetic alteration, race
NON-MODIFIABLE
- obesity
POSTMENOPAUSAL
Combined estrogen-progesterone in
women with intact uteri
HORMONE THERAPY
⬆️ age
the more susceptible we are to breast CA
- Alcohol
- Current smoking
SUBTANCE USE
- Absence of breastfeeding
- Early menarche
- Late first pregnancy >35 years old
- Nulliparity
REPRODUCTIVE FACTOR
never been pregnant or given birth
NULLIPARITY
Highest Probability (%) of developing breast cancer by Age
70 and older
Defective Genes
BRCA1
BRCA2
p53
STK11
CDH1
PALB2
PTEN
Mismatch repair genes
Components of Breast Screening Examination
I. Breast Awareness
II. Physical Examination
III. Risk Assessment
IV. Screening Mammography
V. MRI
VI. UTS
- screening method used in attempt to detect early breast cancer
- checking your own breast for possible lumps, distortions, or swelling
BREAST SELF EXAMINATION
Benefits of BSE
• Education about self-awareness
• Empower women
• General breast health
• Lower risk of death or metastasis
• Lesser advanced-stage cancer
• Raise awareness among women at risk
Harm of BSE
• False positive result
• Gain anxiety if found abnormality
It is advisable to do BSE..
once a month after menstruation
STEPS TO BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION
- Stand infront of a mirror
Shoulder straight
Hands on hip
Look for dimpling, dripping, lump, pulled in nipple (inverted/retracted), rash, skin changes - Raise arms, look for the same changes
- Look for sign of fluid cominf out (blood, milky/ yellow fluid, watery)
- Palpate breast while lying. Use finger pads to palpate.
Cover entire breast, side to side (from collarbone to abdomen: armpit to cleavage) - Feel breast while standing/ sitting. However, many find it easier to feel breast while showering or wet.
PATTERNS FOR PALPATION
CIRCULAR
LINES
WEDGES
systematic palpation
visual inspection of the entire breast
performed by doctor, nurse practitioner, nurse, or physician assistant
Clinical Breast Examination
GOAL of MAMMOGRAPHY
early detection of breast cancer, typically through characteristic detection of masses or microcalcifications
highly engineered so we can image the breast
mammographic machine
BASIC PROJECTION:
Cranio-caudal (CC)
Medio-lateral Oblique (MLO)
other name for MLO
Lundgren’s Oblique View
(Z) atomic # of tissue:
7-8
(Z) atomic # of tumors, calcifications:
20
easier to image..
older breast bcs of fatty replacement
a lot of scattering (compton) than absorption (photoelectric effect)
causes low differential absorption
type of xrays we use:
Characteristic xrays
lower xray energy used,
improve contrast resolution
enhance differential absorption