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PHAR 100 > MODULE 2 > Flashcards

MODULE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ways that nicotine are absorbed ?

A
  • GI tract
  • oral muscosa
  • across the skin
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2
Q

nicotine dose is controlled by

A

frequency of smoking and the depth of breath

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3
Q

The distribution of nicotine is ?

A

throughout the body and gains rapid access to the brain

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4
Q

where is nicotine metabolized ?

A

rapidly in the liver

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5
Q

Excretion of nicotine ?

A

metabolites are excreted in the urine and half life is 2 hours

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6
Q

nicotine stimulates ?

A

nicotinic receptors at synapses

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7
Q

activation of nicotinic receptors causes ?

A

increase psychomotor activity, cognitive function, attention and memory

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8
Q

large doses can cause ?

A

agitation, tremors and seizures

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9
Q

effects in the CNS of nicotine are mediated by ?

A

neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin

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10
Q

therapeutic uses of nicotine ?

A

smoking cessation programs that use chewing gum , transdermal patches and buccal spray

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11
Q

what are the short term effects of smoking ?

A

mild euphoria, enhanced arousal, increased concentration and relaxation
- may suppress appetite and increase blood pressure

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12
Q

in a non regular smoker , the effects are ?

A

dizziness, headache , nauseas, vomiting -

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13
Q

some of the common compounds found in nicotine are ( theres 4)

A

nicotine , carbon monoxide, carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons

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14
Q

cardiovascular disease and smoking

A

smokers are at a higher risk than non smokers

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15
Q

nicotine and carbon monoxide increase incidence of

A

atherosclerosis ( hardening of arteries ) and blood clots

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16
Q

lung disease and smoking

A

higher incidence seen with smokers

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17
Q

smokers syndrome

A

lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, more lung infections and congested lung

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18
Q

cigarette smoke increases the risk of what cancers

A

lung, oral cavity , throat uterus and bladder

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19
Q

percentage of cancers caused from smoking

A

30%

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20
Q

passive smoke( children and adults )

A

associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer , children , pneumonia, bronchitis and asthma and SIDS

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21
Q

Pregnancy and smoking

A

smoking when pregnant causes : smaller fetus for gestational age or being born preterm
passive tobacco exposure increases chance of low birthweight ( decreased o2 to fetus )

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22
Q

tolerance of nicotine

A

does not appear greatly, smokers will consume a number a cigarettes to keep their nicotine blood levels at 30 - 40 mm

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23
Q

withdrawal of nicotine symptoms

A

irritability , restlessness, anxiety , insomnia and fatigue , state of nicotine withdrawal l in the morning

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24
Q

addiction with smoking ?

A

yes and manifests as the extreme urge to smoke

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25
Q

average cup of coffee contains while energy drinks contain

A

100 mg of caffeine in coffee, 300 mg in energy drink

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26
Q

lethal dose of coffee would be

A

57 cups

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27
Q

caffeine can be found in ?

A

drinks , over the counter stimulants , dieruateics and analgesics

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28
Q

absorption of coffee

A

rapidly and completely absorbed, blood levels of caffein are significant after 30 mins and peak after 2 hours after taken

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29
Q

distribution of caffeine

A

distributes to entire body, and freely crosses the brain and placenta

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30
Q

what determines the rate we metabolize caffeine ?

A

Genetics plays important role which explains why some people can have coffee before bed and others can’t

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31
Q

what is the half life of caffeine ?

A

ranges from 2.5 to 10 hours

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32
Q

how does the brain work without coffee?

A

activation of adenosine receptors which will stimulate GABAerigc neurons that inhibit dopamine release

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33
Q

what happens in the brain with coffee ?

A

actions of coffee will block adenosine receptors in brain which will increase neuron release from adenosine inhibition causing increased dopamine to be released which will stimulate the CNS

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34
Q

Short term effects of caffeine : CNS

A

Mood elevation and reduced fatigue

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35
Q

short term caffeine effect and cardiovascular

A

constriction of cerebral blood vessels ( good for headaches ), increases peripheral blood flow and stimulates cardiac muscle

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36
Q

high doses of caffeine will cause

A

irregular and rapid heart rate

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37
Q

short term effects of caffeine and respiration

A

mild stimulation of the respiratory rate and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle
- caffeine is used to stimulate breathing in preterm newborns

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38
Q

Long term effects of caffeine

A

restlessness, nervousness, insomnia , increased urinary output, gastric upset rambling speech and thought

39
Q

special effects of caffeine and smoking

A

cigarette smoke increases the metabolism of caffeine ( shorter duration with smokers

40
Q

caffeine and pregnancy potential issues

A

larger doses could increase chances of having a still birth , decreases fetal growth rate and the increases chance of miscarriage

41
Q

metabolism and pregnancy and caffeine

A

metabolism is slower in pregnancy –> extension of caffeine actions , doubles in 2nd trimester and triples in 3rd

42
Q

potential for misuse and caffeine

A

caffeine is a mild reinforcer however misuse is low

larger doses result in irritability , insomnia and nervousness

43
Q

tolerance and caffeine

A

some people develop tolerance but not everyone

44
Q

withdrawal and caffeine

A

mild withdrawal consists of headaches, fatigue and drowsiness

45
Q

addiction and caffeine

A

mild addiction can occur

46
Q

what are the common effects of amphetamines ?

A

increase of the release of dopamine and norepinephrine –> increase feeling of euphoria,appetite suppression , increase blood pressure and increased respiration

47
Q

why are amphetamines used in sport ?

A

are psychomotor stimulants, increasing alertness, reduced fatigue, increased endurance and speed

48
Q

bicycle performance and methampthatmine

A

performance was extended by 40%

49
Q

swimming/ running and amphetamines

A

73% of runner improved their times when they were administered

50
Q

effects of taking high levels of amphetamines

A
  • fatal increase in blood pressure

- person often experiences crashes or lows when drug wears off

51
Q

why are synthetic anabolic steroids used ?

A

increase muscle mass and strength however don’t have the androgenic effects as regular anabolic hormones( testosterone )

52
Q

what are the anti catabolic effects of anabolic steroids ?

A

when athletes train hard , muscles can be broken-down to fuel the body, anabolic steroids block this

53
Q

anabolic steroid effect

A

results in protein production

54
Q

motivational response and anabolic steroids

A

produces more aggression, known as roid rage

55
Q

anabolic steroids have greatest effect on

A

people who have a lower basal circulating rate of testosterone

56
Q

low or moderate doses of anabolic steroid

A
  • have modest effects on the individual
57
Q

large doses of anabolic steroids

A

works very well with high protein and with athletes who are at their peak of training , will result in more lean muscle mass, increase in strength and body weight

58
Q

what are the side effects of anabolic steroids ?

A
  • mood swings, severe acne , CVD, altered liver function(hepatitis, liver cancer ), reduced testosterone levels
59
Q

CVD and anabolic steroids? how

A
  • increase in the LDL( bad cholesterol and decrease levels of good cholesterol HDL
60
Q

how does anabolic steroids reduce testsoterone ?

A

block the release of GNRH , leading to less levels in testosterone and sperm production

61
Q

women and synthetic anabolic steroids ? what changes ?

A
  • some androgenic effects are seen, facial hair, deeper voice, and the absence of menstruation ( amenorrhea )
62
Q

blood doping

A

The re infusion of of athletes own RBCs into circulation before performance

63
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone that increases the amount of RBC production in body to increase oxygen transport

64
Q

detection of blood doping and EPO

A

blood doping can be measured by determining the age of RBC , EPO can be determined through Urine test

65
Q

how are diuretics used in sports

A

enhance the secretion of salts and waters , used to reduce body mass to possibly compete in a lower weight category , could cause excess water and electrolyte depletion –> blood pressure drop and kidney failure

66
Q

substances that lead to increase in dopamine reward centres

A

CNS stimulants - cocaine . amphetamines, nicotine an caffeine
opioids -morphine, heroin and oxytocin
alcohol and cannabis

67
Q

CNS Depressants include

A

Benzodiazapeines and barbiturates

68
Q

drug tolerance

A

state in which repeated administration of a given drug has decreasing amount of pharmacological effects or a state in which the drug must be increased to obtain the same magnitude of effect

69
Q

factors that influence SUD from forming

A

genetic factors , preexisting conditions , environmental factors , developmental factors

70
Q

misuse potential

A

tendency for a drug to be misused

71
Q

misuse potential can be determined by 5 factors

A

Nature of the drug , route of administration, amount/ frequency of use , availability , inherent harmfulness

72
Q

substance misuse

A

using the drug in ways or amounts other than what was prescribed

73
Q

Amphetamine related compounds include

A

Ritalin ( treat ADHD) and MDMA ( ecstasy )

74
Q

Amphetamines are structurally similar to

A

endogenous neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and epinephrine

75
Q

what are the 4 main effects within the CNS and amphetamines ?

A
  • decreased threshold of sensory input –> CNS excitation
  • reward and euphoria
  • appetite suppression
  • increase in mood swings and aggression
76
Q

feedback response of increased CNS excitation

A

increased alertness, increase feeling of power, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and reduced fatigue

77
Q

Short term use effects on non CNS tissue

A

chest pain , or heart attack, cardiovascular collapse, increase respiratory rate (over dose can lead to fever, stroke , seizure

78
Q

effects of long term use of amphetamines

A

chronic sleeping problems , poor appetite anxiety , repetitive behaviour , abnormal cardiac rhythm and high blood pressure

79
Q

What are some of the criteria to diagnose SUD?

A
  • Social impairments, ( can fufuill major roles )
  • Risky Use (using substance in harmful way despite psychological or physiological problems from use
  • impaired Control (persistent cravings)
  • withdrawl - withdrawal syndrome may be present
  • tolerance
80
Q

dopamine hypothesis (2 components(

A

hypothesis to explain addiction, has 2 components

  • misused drugs increase dopamine in reward systems ( limbic system
  • large increase in dopamine changes brain communication
81
Q

3 classifications of addictive drugs

A

increase dopamine, produce novelty ( LSD), reduce anxiety

82
Q

potential for misuse and amphetamines

A

Highly missed due to the euphoric and effective CNS stimulants

83
Q

inherent harmfulness of amphetamines

A

long term toxicities , long term use are at risk for health problems

84
Q

Tolerance of Amphetamines

A

develops for euphoria , mood elevating effects, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulatory effect ( not for psychosis)

85
Q

withdrawal and amphetamines ?

A

mood depression , prolonged sleep, huge appetite . lack of energy , fatigue

86
Q

Cocaine is classified as

A

local anesthetic and CNS stimulant , by law it is considered a narcotic

87
Q

cocaines duration of action

A

much shorter compared to ( less than an hour) compared to 12 hours with amphetamines

88
Q

how does cocaine influence reuptake ?

A

inhibits the active reuptake of primarily dopamine and serotonin in presynaptic neuron which will increase the neurons in the synaptic cleft which will increase the activation of postsynaptic neuron

89
Q

therapeutic use of cocaine ?

A

local anaesthetic for mouth an throat

90
Q

long term effects of cocaine use 6 total

A

toxic psychosis, hallucinations, impaired sexual function , permanent brain damage , high blood pressure , irregular heart rhythm, changes to nasal mucosa

91
Q

tolerance of cocaine

A

seen with mood elevating effects but but drug induced psychotic effect

92
Q

withdrawal and cocaine

A

similar to what is seen with amphetamines

93
Q

addiction and cocaine

A

can occur due to the pleasurable effects

94
Q

therapeutic uses of amphetamines

A

Narcolepsy and ADHD

PHAR 100 (3 decks)

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