MODULE 2 Flashcards
what are the ways that nicotine are absorbed ?
- GI tract
- oral muscosa
- across the skin
nicotine dose is controlled by
frequency of smoking and the depth of breath
The distribution of nicotine is ?
throughout the body and gains rapid access to the brain
where is nicotine metabolized ?
rapidly in the liver
Excretion of nicotine ?
metabolites are excreted in the urine and half life is 2 hours
nicotine stimulates ?
nicotinic receptors at synapses
activation of nicotinic receptors causes ?
increase psychomotor activity, cognitive function, attention and memory
large doses can cause ?
agitation, tremors and seizures
effects in the CNS of nicotine are mediated by ?
neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin
therapeutic uses of nicotine ?
smoking cessation programs that use chewing gum , transdermal patches and buccal spray
what are the short term effects of smoking ?
mild euphoria, enhanced arousal, increased concentration and relaxation
- may suppress appetite and increase blood pressure
in a non regular smoker , the effects are ?
dizziness, headache , nauseas, vomiting -
some of the common compounds found in nicotine are ( theres 4)
nicotine , carbon monoxide, carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons
cardiovascular disease and smoking
smokers are at a higher risk than non smokers
nicotine and carbon monoxide increase incidence of
atherosclerosis ( hardening of arteries ) and blood clots
lung disease and smoking
higher incidence seen with smokers
smokers syndrome
lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, more lung infections and congested lung
cigarette smoke increases the risk of what cancers
lung, oral cavity , throat uterus and bladder
percentage of cancers caused from smoking
30%
passive smoke( children and adults )
associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer , children , pneumonia, bronchitis and asthma and SIDS
Pregnancy and smoking
smoking when pregnant causes : smaller fetus for gestational age or being born preterm
passive tobacco exposure increases chance of low birthweight ( decreased o2 to fetus )
tolerance of nicotine
does not appear greatly, smokers will consume a number a cigarettes to keep their nicotine blood levels at 30 - 40 mm
withdrawal of nicotine symptoms
irritability , restlessness, anxiety , insomnia and fatigue , state of nicotine withdrawal l in the morning
addiction with smoking ?
yes and manifests as the extreme urge to smoke
average cup of coffee contains while energy drinks contain
100 mg of caffeine in coffee, 300 mg in energy drink
lethal dose of coffee would be
57 cups
caffeine can be found in ?
drinks , over the counter stimulants , dieruateics and analgesics
absorption of coffee
rapidly and completely absorbed, blood levels of caffein are significant after 30 mins and peak after 2 hours after taken
distribution of caffeine
distributes to entire body, and freely crosses the brain and placenta
what determines the rate we metabolize caffeine ?
Genetics plays important role which explains why some people can have coffee before bed and others can’t
what is the half life of caffeine ?
ranges from 2.5 to 10 hours
how does the brain work without coffee?
activation of adenosine receptors which will stimulate GABAerigc neurons that inhibit dopamine release
what happens in the brain with coffee ?
actions of coffee will block adenosine receptors in brain which will increase neuron release from adenosine inhibition causing increased dopamine to be released which will stimulate the CNS
Short term effects of caffeine : CNS
Mood elevation and reduced fatigue
short term caffeine effect and cardiovascular
constriction of cerebral blood vessels ( good for headaches ), increases peripheral blood flow and stimulates cardiac muscle
high doses of caffeine will cause
irregular and rapid heart rate
short term effects of caffeine and respiration
mild stimulation of the respiratory rate and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle
- caffeine is used to stimulate breathing in preterm newborns
Long term effects of caffeine
restlessness, nervousness, insomnia , increased urinary output, gastric upset rambling speech and thought
special effects of caffeine and smoking
cigarette smoke increases the metabolism of caffeine ( shorter duration with smokers
caffeine and pregnancy potential issues
larger doses could increase chances of having a still birth , decreases fetal growth rate and the increases chance of miscarriage
metabolism and pregnancy and caffeine
metabolism is slower in pregnancy –> extension of caffeine actions , doubles in 2nd trimester and triples in 3rd
potential for misuse and caffeine
caffeine is a mild reinforcer however misuse is low
larger doses result in irritability , insomnia and nervousness
tolerance and caffeine
some people develop tolerance but not everyone
withdrawal and caffeine
mild withdrawal consists of headaches, fatigue and drowsiness
addiction and caffeine
mild addiction can occur
what are the common effects of amphetamines ?
increase of the release of dopamine and norepinephrine –> increase feeling of euphoria,appetite suppression , increase blood pressure and increased respiration
why are amphetamines used in sport ?
are psychomotor stimulants, increasing alertness, reduced fatigue, increased endurance and speed
bicycle performance and methampthatmine
performance was extended by 40%
swimming/ running and amphetamines
73% of runner improved their times when they were administered
effects of taking high levels of amphetamines
- fatal increase in blood pressure
- person often experiences crashes or lows when drug wears off
why are synthetic anabolic steroids used ?
increase muscle mass and strength however don’t have the androgenic effects as regular anabolic hormones( testosterone )
what are the anti catabolic effects of anabolic steroids ?
when athletes train hard , muscles can be broken-down to fuel the body, anabolic steroids block this
anabolic steroid effect
results in protein production
motivational response and anabolic steroids
produces more aggression, known as roid rage
anabolic steroids have greatest effect on
people who have a lower basal circulating rate of testosterone
low or moderate doses of anabolic steroid
- have modest effects on the individual
large doses of anabolic steroids
works very well with high protein and with athletes who are at their peak of training , will result in more lean muscle mass, increase in strength and body weight
what are the side effects of anabolic steroids ?
- mood swings, severe acne , CVD, altered liver function(hepatitis, liver cancer ), reduced testosterone levels
CVD and anabolic steroids? how
- increase in the LDL( bad cholesterol and decrease levels of good cholesterol HDL
how does anabolic steroids reduce testsoterone ?
block the release of GNRH , leading to less levels in testosterone and sperm production
women and synthetic anabolic steroids ? what changes ?
- some androgenic effects are seen, facial hair, deeper voice, and the absence of menstruation ( amenorrhea )
blood doping
The re infusion of of athletes own RBCs into circulation before performance
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone that increases the amount of RBC production in body to increase oxygen transport
detection of blood doping and EPO
blood doping can be measured by determining the age of RBC , EPO can be determined through Urine test
how are diuretics used in sports
enhance the secretion of salts and waters , used to reduce body mass to possibly compete in a lower weight category , could cause excess water and electrolyte depletion –> blood pressure drop and kidney failure
substances that lead to increase in dopamine reward centres
CNS stimulants - cocaine . amphetamines, nicotine an caffeine
opioids -morphine, heroin and oxytocin
alcohol and cannabis
CNS Depressants include
Benzodiazapeines and barbiturates
drug tolerance
state in which repeated administration of a given drug has decreasing amount of pharmacological effects or a state in which the drug must be increased to obtain the same magnitude of effect
factors that influence SUD from forming
genetic factors , preexisting conditions , environmental factors , developmental factors
misuse potential
tendency for a drug to be misused
misuse potential can be determined by 5 factors
Nature of the drug , route of administration, amount/ frequency of use , availability , inherent harmfulness
substance misuse
using the drug in ways or amounts other than what was prescribed
Amphetamine related compounds include
Ritalin ( treat ADHD) and MDMA ( ecstasy )
Amphetamines are structurally similar to
endogenous neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and epinephrine
what are the 4 main effects within the CNS and amphetamines ?
- decreased threshold of sensory input –> CNS excitation
- reward and euphoria
- appetite suppression
- increase in mood swings and aggression
feedback response of increased CNS excitation
increased alertness, increase feeling of power, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and reduced fatigue
Short term use effects on non CNS tissue
chest pain , or heart attack, cardiovascular collapse, increase respiratory rate (over dose can lead to fever, stroke , seizure
effects of long term use of amphetamines
chronic sleeping problems , poor appetite anxiety , repetitive behaviour , abnormal cardiac rhythm and high blood pressure
What are some of the criteria to diagnose SUD?
- Social impairments, ( can fufuill major roles )
- Risky Use (using substance in harmful way despite psychological or physiological problems from use
- impaired Control (persistent cravings)
- withdrawl - withdrawal syndrome may be present
- tolerance
dopamine hypothesis (2 components(
hypothesis to explain addiction, has 2 components
- misused drugs increase dopamine in reward systems ( limbic system
- large increase in dopamine changes brain communication
3 classifications of addictive drugs
increase dopamine, produce novelty ( LSD), reduce anxiety
potential for misuse and amphetamines
Highly missed due to the euphoric and effective CNS stimulants
inherent harmfulness of amphetamines
long term toxicities , long term use are at risk for health problems
Tolerance of Amphetamines
develops for euphoria , mood elevating effects, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulatory effect ( not for psychosis)
withdrawal and amphetamines ?
mood depression , prolonged sleep, huge appetite . lack of energy , fatigue
Cocaine is classified as
local anesthetic and CNS stimulant , by law it is considered a narcotic
cocaines duration of action
much shorter compared to ( less than an hour) compared to 12 hours with amphetamines
how does cocaine influence reuptake ?
inhibits the active reuptake of primarily dopamine and serotonin in presynaptic neuron which will increase the neurons in the synaptic cleft which will increase the activation of postsynaptic neuron
therapeutic use of cocaine ?
local anaesthetic for mouth an throat
long term effects of cocaine use 6 total
toxic psychosis, hallucinations, impaired sexual function , permanent brain damage , high blood pressure , irregular heart rhythm, changes to nasal mucosa
tolerance of cocaine
seen with mood elevating effects but but drug induced psychotic effect
withdrawal and cocaine
similar to what is seen with amphetamines
addiction and cocaine
can occur due to the pleasurable effects
therapeutic uses of amphetamines
Narcolepsy and ADHD
