Module 2

Question 1

atherosclerosis

Answer 1

a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls, marked by fat and fat lining of blood vessels

Question 2

Atherosclerosis increases with older age with significant risk of 40 years and other risk factors include—

Answer 2

cigarette smoking
diabetes
hypercholesterolemia
hypertension
hyperhomocysteinemia

Question 3

Initiation of atherosclerosis is involve in the injury of the _____ and includes oxidized LDL, mechanical injury, excessive homocysteine, diabetes.

Answer 3

endothelial

Question 4

Inc. ____ reflects inflammation of the endothelial (atherosclerosis) and made by smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, adipocytes, and hepatocytes.

Answer 4

CRP (C-reactive Protein)

Question 5

LDL is taken up into vessel due to damage to endothelial cells which allows ____ to be taken up as well, then converted into macrophage. Macrophages then increases the ______ of LDL

Answer 5

monocyte, oxidation

Question 6

Macrophages take up the oxidized LDLs (engulfing the fat in the LDL) to then become _____ cells

Answer 6

foam

Question 7

Mechanism In Atherosclerosis: Smooth muscles become activated and release _____ which increases inflammation in lesion

Answer 7

chemotactic factors

Question 8

Atherosclerosis- inflammation of vessel wall allows the accumulation of _____, _____ + _____

Answer 8

lipids, collagen, calcium; inflammatory cells (T-Lymphocytes); Extracellular matrix and formation of fibrous plaque (which prevents rupture).

Question 9

Changes in function found in Atherosclerosis includes …

Answer 9

increase resistance
less compliance
decrease flow to tissue

change endothelial func. + alter reactivity of smooth muscle (migration to lesion)

Ultimately– inability/limited ability to autoregulate + unable to respond to metabolic needs

Question 10

Complications associated with atherosclerosis include …

Answer 10

• -increase blood pressure (due to inc. R)
• -Less compliant (stiffer) (Higher systolic)
• -Decrease perfusion
• -increase risk of thrombosis

(ultimately: narrowing vessel the downstream flow is reduced which decrease perfusion to tissue)

Question 11

Intermittent claudication …

Answer 11

“limping”; cramplike pain (not a cramp) in the legs due to poor perfusion and not constant.

Question 12

Intermittent claudication is a symptom associated with poor perfusion and is located in the ___

Answer 12

peripheral artery

Question 13

Thromboxane …

Answer 13

cause platelet to aggregate (clot) and cause thrombi to form

Question 14

Neuralgia -with edema (venous thrombosis)

Answer 14

pressure increases which allows swelling to press on nerves to cause nerve pain

Question 15

edema is…

Answer 15

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues

Question 16

Thrombosis involves the disruption of ____ which starts a clotting cascade (cause thrombi formation)

Answer 16

intima (subendothelial layer)