Module 2 Flashcards
What are the four types of macromolecules?
Lipids, Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins
What makes up carbohydrates?
Sugars
What is the most simple sugar?
monosaccharide
What are the levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is the primary structure?
The primary structure is based on the sequence of amino acids. The sequence determines the shape which largely determines the proteins function.
What shapes are described by the secondary structure?
Alpha helix, and beta sheet
What is the tertiary structure?
3D folded pattern of the protein.. 1 subunit
What is the quaternary structure?
Multiple subunits
How do covalent bonds work?
Two non metals share electrons in order to obtain an octet and become more stable.
How do Ionic bonds occur?
One atom gives an electron to another atom. Atoms linked together in this way are called ionic compounds.
How does hydrogen bonding work?
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom.
What are Van der waals forces?
distance dependent interactions between molecules/atoms. Ex; london dispersion/dipole dipole.
What are covalent bods useful for?
Permeable membranes
What is an acid?
Proton donor
What is a base
Proton acceptor
What happens to H+ concentration as pH increases
H+ concentration decreases
What bonds make up Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides linked together into polysaccharide chains by a type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic bond
What is the difference between structural and nutritional polysaccharides?
nutritional polysaccharides are those that are used for storage. For instance, plants store glucose in the form of starch. Animals store simple sugars in the form of glycogen. Structural polysaccharides are carbohydrates that have a structural role. Plants have celluloses, which are polymers of repeated glucose units that are joined by beta-linkages.
How are lipids different from other macromolecules?
Not soluble in water
What are lipids?
A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers.
Describe the structure of saturated fatty acids
When all the carbons in the fatty acid chain are surrounded by hydrogen it is said to be saturated and is straight. Given their straight tails, saturated fats are compact and solid at room temperature.
Describe the structure of unsaturated fatty acids
When not all the carbons are surrounded by hydrogens, the fatty acid is unsaturated and forms a kink in its tail. This makes the fat as a whole less compact– liquid at room temperature.
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells
What are nucleic acids used for?
Protein synthesis
