Module 2

Question 1

What are the four types of macromolecules?

Answer 1

Lipids, Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

Question 2

What makes up carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Sugars

Question 3

What is the most simple sugar?

Answer 3

monosaccharide

Question 4

What are the levels of protein structure?

Answer 4

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 5

What is the primary structure?

Answer 5

The primary structure is based on the sequence of amino acids. The sequence determines the shape which largely determines the proteins function.

Question 6

What shapes are described by the secondary structure?

Answer 6

Alpha helix, and beta sheet

Question 7

What is the tertiary structure?

Answer 7

3D folded pattern of the protein.. 1 subunit

Question 8

What is the quaternary structure?

Answer 8

Multiple subunits

Question 9

How do covalent bonds work?

Answer 9

Two non metals share electrons in order to obtain an octet and become more stable.

Question 10

How do Ionic bonds occur?

Answer 10

One atom gives an electron to another atom. Atoms linked together in this way are called ionic compounds.

Question 11

How does hydrogen bonding work?

Answer 11

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom.

Question 12

What are Van der waals forces?

Answer 12

distance dependent interactions between molecules/atoms. Ex; london dispersion/dipole dipole.

Question 13

What are covalent bods useful for?

Answer 13

Permeable membranes

Question 14

What is an acid?

Answer 14

Proton donor

Question 15

What is a base

Answer 15

Proton acceptor

Question 16

What happens to H+ concentration as pH increases

Answer 16

H+ concentration decreases

Question 17

What bonds make up Carbohydrates?

Answer 17

Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides linked together into polysaccharide chains by a type of covalent bond known as a glycosidic bond

Question 18

What is the difference between structural and nutritional polysaccharides?

Answer 18

nutritional polysaccharides are those that are used for storage. For instance, plants store glucose in the form of starch. Animals store simple sugars in the form of glycogen. Structural polysaccharides are carbohydrates that have a structural role. Plants have celluloses, which are polymers of repeated glucose units that are joined by beta-linkages.

Question 19

How are lipids different from other macromolecules?

Answer 19

Not soluble in water

Question 20

What are lipids?

Answer 20

A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers.

Question 21

Describe the structure of saturated fatty acids

Answer 21

When all the carbons in the fatty acid chain are surrounded by hydrogen it is said to be saturated and is straight. Given their straight tails, saturated fats are compact and solid at room temperature.

Question 22

Describe the structure of unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 22

When not all the carbons are surrounded by hydrogens, the fatty acid is unsaturated and forms a kink in its tail. This makes the fat as a whole less compact– liquid at room temperature.

Question 23

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 23

Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells

Question 24

What are nucleic acids used for?

Answer 24

Protein synthesis

Question 25

What is a protein

Answer 25

A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds.

Question 26

How are proteins made?

Answer 26

DNA is first transcribed into RNA, then RNA is translated into protein