Module 1n2 (Quiz 1) Flashcards
______ is generally a complex concept.
Culture
______ argued that culture is really difficult to define.
Oatey (2012)
referred culture as a special or artistic activities of humans which may be termed “high culture”.
Arnolds (1867)
- This perspective shows that there is superiority and inferiority in culture.
- Culture, in this sense, is viewed as more of a matter of ____ than a social undertaking where everyone is involved.
- High Culture
- aesthetics
_____ stated that culture is a quality shared by all people in a social group.
Tylor (1870)
Tylor (1870) added that culture is the complex whole that includes “7” acquired by a person belonging to a _______.
- knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and other human capabilities.
- social group
- Tylor (1870) acknowledged that differences in various social groups exist.
- Differences include the categorization of social groups
into ____ and ____ people.
savages and civilized
Most anthropologist have used the concept of ______ in the early booming of cultural studies.
Tylor
_____ in the ____ proposed a ______ view on culture. He made proposals debunking the two definitions given by Arnold and Tylor.
Boas, early 20th century
- neutral
According to ____, culture should not be categorized as ____ or ____.
- It has to be viewed respective of the __________
- Boas
- low or high
- particular social group.
According to ________ culture consists of “3” acquired and transmitted by _______, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiment in _______;
- the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached _____;
- culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of _____, on the other, as conditional elements of _____
- (Krober & Kluckhohn, 1952).
- patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior.
- symbols
- artifacts
- values
- action
- future action
_______ stated that culture consists of the _______ of experience, more or less organized, learned or created by the individuals of a population, including those images or encodements and their interpretations (meanings) transmitted from past generations, from contemporaries, or formed by individuals themselves.
- Schwartz (1992)
- derivatives
______ argued that culture is the set of ____, _____, _____, and _____ shared by a group of people, but different for each individual, communicated from one
______ to the next.
- Matsumoto (1996)
- attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors
- generation
According to _______, As a social phenomenon, culture is the total socially acquired ________ of a group of people. It consists of the patterned and repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristics of the members of a particular society or ____ of a society.
- (Harris, 1975).
- life-way or life-style
- segment
Functions of Culture (4)
- It defines roles.
- It gives a sense of identity.
- It facilitates commitment.
- It provides stability in the social.
Elements of Culture (11)
- Symbols
- Language
- Literature
- Norms
- Attitudes
- Values
- Rituals and
Ceremonies - Beliefs
- Social System
- Tools
- Artifacts
2 Material Elements of Culture
- Tools
- Artifacts
9 Non-Material Elements of Culture
- Symbols
- Language
- Literature
- Norms
- Attitudes
- Values
- Rituals and
Ceremonies - Beliefs
- Social System
Source of community-based knowledge and beliefs
Literature
Images, objects, and other non-verbal communication cues that convey meaning exclusive to a particular social group. There could be a relative meaning to other groups especially to those with cultural relations.
Symbols
____ is the vehicle of culture. It is use for transmission and communication.
Language
Concrete manifestation of cultural elements
Artifacts
The generality of a social group’s way of life
Social System
Objects used in accomplishing human activities
Tools
